Module 4-5 Flashcards
Health is influenced in a positive or
negative way by a variety of factors and a
model to describe the many interactions
was first conceptualised by?
Dahlgren and Whitehead
Non-modifiable Factors:
Age and Gender
Ethnicity/Race
correlate with health outcomes and both are easy to define and measure
Age and Gender
death rates are relatively high in children up to the age of four years and then decrease, but childhood mortality and morbidity can vary within populations.
T/F
T
• influenced by factors such as cultural bonds, social ties, extended families and genetics
• useful indicator for measuring potential inequalities, it needs to be combined with other socioeconomic and demographic measures to have validity
Ethnicity/Race
Modifiable Factors:
individual lifestyle factors
social and economic factors
Living, working and socioeconomic conditions
education
environment
A)Individual factors:
i) Heredity
ii) Lifestyle
B) Environmental / surrounding factors:
i) Internal
ii) External
iii) Micro / Domestic
Socioeconomic conditions
Health and Family welfare services ( Primary health care
system )
C) Other factors:
i) Individual health factors: ( age, sex, race, rural or urban living, health facilities)
ii) Natural factors: ( air, soil, water, climate, rodents,
insects, microorganisms etc.)
– The state of health of an individual to some extent depends on his
genetic makeup.
– The genetic makeup of an individual is unique and it cannot be changed.
– A number of diseases are of genetic origin.
– Genetic defects can also lead to uncommon adverse drug reactions. • eg. Mental retardation, Diabetes, haemophilia e
Heredity
It is the way people live.
– It reflects the social values, attitudes and activities of an individual.
– An individual learns lifestyle through parents, friends, school etc.
– It is composed of cultural and behavioural patterns and lifelong personal
habits like smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction, poor hygiene, lack of
cleanliness, improper food etc.
– Health requires healthy lifestyles (balanced diet, enough sleep, and
sufficient physical activity) Many diseases are associated with lifestyles. e.g.
Obesity, heart diseases, diabetes.
Lifestyle
It refers to the coordinated, harmonious functions of every component (system) of the body, which is known as homeostasis in the body.
Internal environment
refers to all the things in the surrounding of the individual to which he is exposed i.e. air, water etc. It includes the biological and social environments. E.g. person
staying in polluted areas can develop some kind of health disorder like asthma
External environment
includes the individual way of living and lifestyle. – The environment has a direct impact on the physical, mental and social well-being of
those living in it. The environmental factors range from housing, water supply, family
structure, stress etc
Micro or domestic environment
Health status is significantly determined by the socioeconomic levels which are primarily
determined by Economic status, Education, Occupation and Political system.
Socioeconomic conditions
– purpose is to improve the health status of the
population
– cover a wide spectrum of personal and community
services for the treatment of disease, prevention of
illness and promotion of health – Examples:
• (1) Immunization, general screening programmes
for infectious diseases. Family planning
programmes.
• (2) Adequate supply of safe drinking water, proper
sanitation.
Health and Family welfare services
These indicators reflect equity of distribution of health resources in different parts of the country and provision of health care. The important indicators are:
(1) Doctor – Population ratio
(2) Doctor – Nurse Ratio
(3) Population – bed ratio
(4) Population per health/ sub-centre
(5) Population per traditional birth attendant.
are problems or challenges that affect the health of a
population or community.
– These issues can be related to infectious diseases, chronic illnesses, environmental hazards, or social and behavioral factors.
Public Health Issues
The spread of infectious diseases, such as
COVID-19, Ebola, and Zika, is a major public health concern
– can spread rapidly and have the potential to cause severe illness and death
Infectious diseases
such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, are leading causes of death worldwide
– often preventable through lifestyle changes and early detection and
treatment
Chronic diseases
such as air pollution, water contamination, and climate change, can have significant impacts on public health
– Exposure to these hazards can lead to respiratory problems, cancer, and
other health issues.
Environmental hazards
including alcohol and drug addiction, is a major public health issue
– can lead to a range of physical and mental health problems, as well as
social and economic issues
Substance abuse
Mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety,
and suicide, are increasingly common and have a significant impact
on public health. – can affect individuals of all ages and can lead to a range of negative
outcomes, including poor academic and work performance, social isolation,
and substance abuse
Mental health
such as poverty, lack of education,
and unhealthy lifestyle choices, can have a significant impact on
public health
– Addressing these factors is essential to improving the health and well-being
of communities.
Social and behavioral factors
Poor nutrition and unhealthy diets are major
public health concerns. – Eating a healthy and balanced diet is important for maintaining good health
and preventing chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart
disease.
Nutrition and Diet
Lack of physical activity is also a major public
health issue. – Regular physical activity can help prevent chronic diseases and improve
overall health and well-being.
Physical activity
Environmental factors, such as air pollution,
water contamination, and hazardous waste, can have a significant
impact on public health. – Exposure to these hazards can lead to a range of health problems,
including respiratory and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurological
disorders.
Environmental health
Occupational hazards, such as exposure to
chemicals, noise, and physical hazards, can have a significant
impact on the health and safety of workers. – important in preventing work-related injuries and illnesses.
Occupational health
important area of public health
– Ensuring that women receive adequate prenatal care, and that children
receive necessary vaccinations and healthcare services, can help prevent a
range of health problems.
Maternal and Child Health
Social factors, such as poverty, lack
of education, and discrimination, can have a significant impact on
health outcomes. – Addressing these social determinants of health is important for improving
health equity and reducing health disparities.
Social determinants of health
is a significant public health issue, and drug
addiction can have serious consequences for individuals and society. – can lead to a range of health problems, including mental health disorders,
infectious diseases, and overdose
Substance abuse
a growing problem, particularly in the
United States. – can lead to addiction, overdose, and other health problems
Prescription drug abuse
such as the use of heroin, cocaine, and
methamphetamine, can also have serious health consequences,
including addiction, infectious diseases, and overdose
Illicit drug use
a major public health issue and is a leading cause of
preventable death worldwide. – Smoking and other forms of tobacco use can lead to a range of health
problems, including cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems.
Tobacco use
a significant public health issue. – Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to a range of health problems,
including liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and mental health disorders.
Alcohol abuse
Harm reduction strategies, such as needle
exchange programs and medication-assisted treatment for addiction,
are important in reducing the harms associated with drug use and
addiction. – These strategies can help prevent the spread of infectious diseases and
reduce overdose deaths.
Harm reduction
Roles of Pharmacists in Addressing
Issues of Public Health:
- providing access to medications
– advising patients on appropriate use
– and promoting healthy lifestyles
Key roles that pharmacists can play in public health:
Medication management
Disease prevention and management
Patient education
Public health initiatives
Collaborative care
aims
to reduce mortality and incidence from
tuberculosis in the country, reduce
catastrophic costs and provide patient-
responsive health services. – The program facilitates the development of
policies and standards for TB elimination in
the country and the equitable distribution of
TB drugs, laboratory supplies, technical
assistance and material support to local
government units.
The National TB Control Program (NTP)
is a program
under the Medicine Access Program (MAP) of the
Department of Health (DOH) through the National
Center for Pharmaceutical Access and
Management (NCPAM) provides access to
medicines for diabetic patients and is in line with
Millennium Development Goal No. 8 aims to
develop global partnership for development, where
partner pharmaceutical companies participate by
providing access to affordable Insulin products
through the consignment system., implementation
of which was started in 2009.
DOH Insulin Access Program
The Tobacco Control component of the Lifestyle Related
Diseases Prevention and Control Program primarily aims to
reduce non-communicable diseases caused by cigarette
smoking. It implements the World Health Organization (WHO)
MPOWER measures which monitors tobacco use and
policies, protects people from exposure to second-hand
smoke, offers help to quit tobacco use, warns people of its
dangers, enforces bans on tobacco advertising, and reduces
the affordability of tobacco products. – This program helps create an enabling environment to help
current tobacco users quit, protect people from secondhand
smoke and prevent young people from taking up the habit.
Smoking Cessation Initiatives
An
Act Restructuring the
Excise Tax on Alcohol &
Tobacco
Republic Act 10351
An act to effectively instill
health consciousness
through graphic health
warnings on tobacco
products
Republic Act No. 10643
Providing for the
Establishment of Smoke-
Free Environments in
Public and Enclosed
Places
Executive Order No. 26
It mandates the Department of Health to
regulate, oversee and monitor the integration,
coordination, and supervision of all drug
rehabilitation, intervention, aftercare, and
follow-up programs, projects, and activities as
well as the establishment, operations,
maintenance, and management of Drug
Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation Centers
nationwide.
Republic Act 9165 also known as
“Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002”
is an integrated model
for drug users with mild severity of addiction. – It provides a continuum of care from outreach and
low threshold services through active coordination
among a number of health, social, and other non-
specialist services needed to meet client’s needs. – This program increases community support and
empowerment thereby reducing the discrimination
and social marginalization of a PWUD.
The CBDRP (Community-based Drug
rehabilitation Program)
in its
declaration of policies and principles,
emphasized primary health care (PHC) concepts
to promote the right to health of all Filipinos, and
instill health literacy among them. – This is a people-centered approach for the delivery of
health services, centered on people’s needs and well-
being, cognizant of differences in culture, beliefs and
values. UHC also provides a framework that fosters a
whole-of-system, whole-of-government, and whole-of-
society approach in developing, implementing,
monitoring, and evaluating health policies, programs
and plans.
Republic Act (RA) No. 11223, otherwise known
as the “Universal Health Care Act”
Dangerous Drug
Abuse Prevention and Treatment Program
(DDAPTP) has four core strategies to
achieve this:
policy formulation and
standards development, provider and
institutional capacity building, accreditation
of providers and facilities, and support to
field operations
is
the drug abuse policy in the workplace which
shall serve as a legal document that
communicates the organization’s position in the
use of illegal drugs as well as outlining the
responsibilities of the employer, the employees
and the employees’ unions. – The policy must be developed through a process
where consensus is achieved regarding its contents.
The Drug – Free Workplace Program (DFWP)
aims to
ensure every Filipino has a universal
access to correct information, medically
safe, legal, non-abortifacient, effective,
and culturally acceptable modern family
planning (FP) methods.
National Family Planning Program
Management of Disease:
• Person-based approach
• Recovery based approach
• Shared decision making
– is a patient-centered approach that focuses
on the individual’s unique needs, preferences,
and goals – It recognizes that each person’s experience of
disease is different and requires a tailored
approach to care.
Person-based Approach
– focuses on empowering patients to take an
active role in their recovery and achieve their
goals – It is a patient-centered approach that
recognizes that recovery is a unique journey
for each individual
Recovery based Approach
– involves healthcare providers and patients
working together to make decisions about the
patient’s care
– This approach recognizes that patients are
experts on their own lives and preferences
and that they should be involved in the
decision-making process.
Shared Decision-making
Approach
Role of the Pharmacist in Disease
Management Programs:
– important team members of the disease management process
– can provide education, as well as screening
and medication monitoring services
– Assist in the identification of individuals
– Conduct monitoring for specific diseases, for example, diabetes, cholesterol, blood pressure
– Provide patient education
• Glucose monitoring
• Peak flow monitoring
– Assist with medication adherence
– Provide direct patient care
– Evaluate outcomes of programs
