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Chemistry A2 definitions > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Electrophile

A

atom/group of atoms that is attracted to an electron-rich centre - accepts electron pair to form new covalent bond

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2
Q

Electrophilic Substitution

A

Substitution reaction where an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

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3
Q

Reaction Mechanism

A

Series of steps that make up the overall reaction

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4
Q

REFLUX

A

Continuous evaporation and condensation to prevent volatile reagents escaping

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5
Q

Curley arrow

A

Movement of a pair of electrons

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6
Q

Phenol

A

-OH group directly bonded to a benzene ring

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7
Q

Uses of pheno

A

Producing plastics (polymers), antiseptics, disinfectants and resins for paints

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8
Q

How does an amine act as a base?

A

Ammonia has a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom which can be donated to the proton forming a dative covalent bond - so has accepted the H+ proton

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9
Q

Aliphatic

A

Hydrocarbon group with carbons in a chain

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10
Q

Aromatic

A

Hydrocarbon group containing a benzene ring

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11
Q

Functional Group

A

Part of an organic molecule responsible for its reactions

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12
Q

Electronegativity

A

Measure of attraction of a bonded atom for the pair of electrons in a covalent bond

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13
Q

Aldehydes

A

Carbonyl group at start of chain

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14
Q

Ketones

A

Carbonyl group in middle of chain

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15
Q

Nucleophile

A

Atom/ group of atoms attracted to an electron-deficient centre, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

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15
Q

Esterification

A

Reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester + water in a condensation reaction

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16
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reaction with water/OH- ions which breaks a chemical compound into two - reverse of esterification

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17
Q

Formation of an Acid Anhydride

A

Forms by removal of H2O molecule from two identical carboxylic acid molecules

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18
Q

Tryglyceride

A

Triester of glycerol (propan-1,2,3-triol) and 3 fatty acid molecules

19
Q

Fatty acids

A

Long-chain carboxylic acids - hydrocarbon chain can be SATURATED (no double bonds) or UNSATURATED (one or more double bonds)

20
Q

Zwitterion

A

Dipolar ionic form of amino acid that is formed by donation of an H+ ion from carboxyl group to amino group. As both charges are present, no overall charge

21
Q

Isoelectric Point

A

The pH value at which amino acid exists as a zwitterion

22
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking of a bond by a reaction with water - catalysed by acid or alkali

23
Q

Peptide

A

Compound of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

24
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

Two small molecules react together to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule like water

25
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Species with the same structural but with a different arrangement of atoms in space

26
Q

How are alkenes stereoisomers?

A
  • lack of rotation abou C=C double bond

- if carbon in double bond have different atoms/ groups of atoms attached

27
Q

Optical isomers (enantiomers)

A

Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images about an organic chairal centre

28
Q

Chiral centre

A

4 different atoms/groups of atoms attached to a central carbon

29
Q

Racemic mixture

A

Lab prepared chiral molecules that contain an equal split of enantiomers

30
Q

Condensation

A

Reaction where two small molecules react together to form a larger molecule, with the elimination of a small molecule eg.water

31
Q

Biodegradable polymer

A

Polymer that breaks down completely into CO2 and H2O

32
Q

Degradable Polymer

A

Polymer that breaks down into smaller fragments when exposed to light, heat or moisture

33
Q

Chromotography

A

An analytical technique that separates out components in a mixture between a mobile phase and a stationary phase

34
Q

Phase

A

Physically distinctive form of a substance eg the solid, liquid and gaseous states of ordinary matter

35
Q

Mobile phase

A

Where the molecules can move - always a liquid or a gas

36
Q

Stationary phase

A

Where molecules can’t move (may be solid eg TLC or either liquid or solid on solid support eg GC)

37
Q

Adsorption

A

A solid holds molecules of gas or liquid or solute as a thin film on the surface of a solid or liquid

38
Q

Rf value(TLC)

A

Shows how far a component has moved compared with the solvent front:
Rf value = Distance moved by component/ Distance moved by solvent front

39
Q

Retention time (GC)

A

Time for a component to pass from the column inlet to the detector

40
Q

MS-GC

A

Separated components are directed into a mass spectrometer instead of a detector

41
Q

NMR spectroscopy

A

Intercation of materials with the low-energy radio-frequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum
Requires: a strong magnetic field applied using electromagnet and low-energy radio-frequency radiation

42
Q

Chemical shift

A

A scale comparing the frequency of an NMR absorption with the frequency of the reference peak of TMS at 0shift

43
Q

TMS

A

Tetramethylsilane - the reference signal from a standard compound (TMS) against which chemical shift is measured relative to.
Chemical shift of TMS is 0ppm

44
Q

MRI

A

NMR spectroscopy is the same technique using in MRI ‘Magnetic Resonance Imaging’ to obtain diagnostic information about internal structures in body scanners

Chemistry A2 definitions (2 decks)

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