Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology unit 3 > module 4 > Flashcards

module 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is respiration

A

Process whereby energy stored on complex organic molecules (carbs fats and priteind) is used to make ATP and happens in living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is energy

A

The ability to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is ATP

A

A phosphorylated nucleotide and is the universal energy currency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is potential and kinetic energy

And what molecules have them?

A

Potential is stored energy
Organic molecules

Kinetic energy is energy if movement
Moving molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 things about energy

A

Can’t be created or destroyed but can be converted

Measured in joules or kilo joules

Has many forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why do we need energy

A

For biological processes/metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are anabolic and catabolic reaction

A

Anabolic
Smaller molecules into large ones

Catabolic
Large molecules broken down to smaller ones4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

7 metabolic processes that need energy.

A

Active transport

Secretion

Endocytosis

Synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones

Dna replication and synthesis of organelles before cell divides

Movement

Activation of chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Read book to explain processes that use energy

A

Just saying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why us it useful for catabolic reaction so release energy

A

Cz metabolic reactions are controlled by enzymes. Organisms need to maintain a suitable temp that allows enzyme action to proceed at a speed that will sustain life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does energy come from

A

Photoautotrophs use sunlight energy in photosynthesis to make large organic molecules that contain chemical potential energy Which they and consumers and decomposer can then use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does respiration do with the energy

A

It releases it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens when energy is released by respiration

A

It phosphorylate ADP making ATP

This phosphorylation also transfers energy to the ATP molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Talk about the role of ATP

A

A phosphorylated nucleotide
In bith eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Molecule consists of adenosine (adenine and ribose sugar) plus 3 phosphate groups
Can be hydrolysed to ADP and Pi releasing energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does it mean that ATP can be hydrolysed to release energy

A

Energy is immediately available to cells in small manageable amounts that will not damage the cell and will not be wasted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is it you only have 5g of ATP at any given time

A

Cz ATP is continually being hydrolysed and resynthesised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

An example of what the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled with a synthesis reaction

A

Dna replication

Protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Synthesis reaction require energy, where do they get this energy from

A

Energy released from ATP hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

4 stages if respiration of glucose

A

Glycolysis
The link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Talk about glycolysis

A

Happens in cytoplasm of all cells
Doesn’t need oxygen and can take place in aerobic or anaerobic conditions
Glucose 6C is broken down to 2 pyruvate molecules 3C

21
Q

Talk about the link reaction

A

Happens in the matrix of mitochondria
Pyruvate dehydrogenated and decarboxylated
Pyruvate then converted to acetate

22
Q

Talk about Krebs cycle

A

Take a place in matric of mitochondria

Acetate dehydrogenated and decarboxylated

23
Q

Talk about oxidative phosphorylation

A

Takes place on cristae of mitochondria

This is where ADP is phosphorylated to ATP

24
Q

What’s to say about the last 3 stages

A

Only take place under aerobic conditions

Under anaerobic conditions pyruvate is converted toeither ethanol or lactate

25
Q

Why are coenzymes needed

A

Because when hydrogen atoms are removed from substrate molecules in oxidation reactions, the reactions are catalysed by dehydrogenase enzymes

And enzyme aran et good at catalysing oxidation or reduction reactions

So coenzymes are needed to help for respiration

26
Q

2 coenzyme examples x

A

NAD

coenzyme a

27
Q

What happens when a hydrogen atom us combined with a coenzyme such as nad

A

Carry the hydrogen atoms which can later be split into hydrogen ions and electrons, to the cristae

Here they’ll be involved in the process of oxidative phosphorylation which produces a lot of ATP

Delivery of the hydrogens to the cristae repaid uses the coenzymes so they can combine with more hydrogen atoms from the first 3 stages of respiration

28
Q

Nad is an organic non protein molecule

Made if 2 linked nucleotides

Made in the body from vitamin b3

One nucleotide Contains the nitrigenous base adenine. The other contains a nicotinamide ring that can accept hydrogen atoms each of which can later be split into a hydrogen. Ion and an electron

A

Just saying

29
Q

What happens when a molecule of nad accepts 2 hydrogen atoms with their electrons

A

It becomes reduced

Opposite is oxidised

30
Q

When does nad operate

A

During glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
And during anaerobic ethanol and lactate pathways

31
Q

What is coenzyme a made up of

A

A b group vitamin
Ribose and adenine or adenosine
The phosphate groups
And cysteine and amino acid

32
Q

Function of coenzyme a

A

Carry ethanoate (acetate) groups, made from pyruvate during the link reaction , onto Krebs cycle.

Can also carry acetate groups that have been made from fatty acids or from some amino acids onto Krebs cycle.

33
Q

What I’d oxidation

A

Reactions involve loss of electrons

34
Q

What is reduction

A

Reactions involve additions of electrons

35
Q

What is glycolysis

A

A metabolic pathway where each glucose molecule is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate
Occurs on cytoplasm of all living cells and is common to anaerobic and aerobic respiration

36
Q

What is Hexose

A

Sugars have six carbon atoms in each molecule

37
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Breaking down of large molecules to smaller ones by addition if water

38
Q

Wat is triose

A

Sugars that have 3 carbon atoms in each molecule

39
Q

Glycolysis occur in eukaryotic or pro

A

Both

40
Q

How many relations does the glycolysis sequence have

What else

A

10

Each catalysed by a different enzyme

41
Q

What are the 4 stages of glycolysis

A

Phosphorylation
Splitting of Hexose 1,6-bisphosphate
Oxidation of triode phosphate
Conversion of triose phosphate to pyruvate

42
Q

Talk about phosphorylation stage in term so glycolysis

A

One ATP is hydrolysed and the phosphate group releases is attached to the glucose molecule at carbon 6

Glucose 6 phosphate is changed to fructose 6 phosphate

Another ATP molecules is hydrolysed and phosphate group attached to carbon 1 though

Sugar is now called fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

The energy from the hydrolysed ATP molecules activates the Hexose sugar and prevents it from being transported out if the cell

We can refer to the activated, phosphorylated sugar as Hexose 1,6 bisphosphate

The stage uses 2 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule

43
Q

What needs to happen to glucose before glycolysis AND why

A

It’s molecules need to be activated before they can split into 2

This is cz it’s a Hexose sugar and it’s molecules are stable

44
Q

Talk about stage 2

Splitting of Hexose 1,6-bisphosphate

A

Each molecule of Hexose 1,6-bisphosphate is split into 2 molecules of triose phosphate

45
Q

Talk about stage 3 oxidation of triose phosphate

A

3rd stage is anaerobic but involves oxidation

2 hydrogen atoms with their electrons are removed from the triose phosphate

This involves dehydrogenase enzymes

These enzymes are aided by coenzyme Nad which is a hydrogen acceptor

Nad combines with hydrogen atoms and becomes reduced nad

So 2 molecules of nad are reduced per molecule of glucose

2 molecules of ATP are also formed (called substrate level phosphorylation)

46
Q

Tall about stage 4

Conversion of triose phosphate to pyruvate

A

4 enzyme catalysed reactions convert each triose phosphate molecule to a molecule of pyruvate
Pyruvate is also a 3 carbon compound

Another 2 molecules of ADP are phosphorylated to two molecules of ATP like third stage

47
Q

What are the products of glycolysis

A

2 molecules of ATP. 4 made but 2 were used to kick start process

2 molecules of reduced nad
These will carry hydrogen atoms to the inner mitochondrial membranes and be used to generate more ATP during oxidative phosphorylation

2 pyruvate molecules
Actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix for the next stage of aerobic respiration
In the absence of oxygen it will be changed in the cytoplasm to lactate or ethanol 6

48
Q 
Examiner tip
Learn stages of glycolysis where
ATP is used
ATP is produced
Nad is reduced
A

Just saying

Biology unit 3 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions