Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology Cardiac > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How blood distributed throughout the circulatory pathway @ any 1 time?

A

70% in systemic circulation

18% in pulmonary circulation

12% in coronary circulation –> small organ BUT large demand for blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Of that 70% in systemic circulation, how much is in the arterial system?

A

16%

**called “stressed” volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Of that 70% in systemic circulation, how much is in the venous system?

A

54%

**largest “reservoir” of blood volume in body; called “unstressed” volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does the pressure gradient change in the heart (from when blood enters the heart to when it is pumped into systemic circulation)?

A

Enters @ 0 - 4 mmHg

Leaves @ 100+ mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the pressure gradient change in systemic circulation (from when it enters systemic circulation to when it returns to heart)

A

Enters @ 100+ mmHg

Leaves @ 0 - 4 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the pressure in the right atria?

A

0 - 8 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the systolic and end diastolic pressures of the right ventricles?

A

Systolic = 15 - 28 mmHg (has to pump blood through pulmonary valve)

End Diastolic = 0 - 8 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the systolic and diastolic pressures in the pulmonary trunk?

A

Systolic = 15 - 30 mmHg

Diastolic = 3 - 12 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the pressure in the pulmonary capillaries?

A

10 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the pressure in the pulmonary veins?

A

4 - 12 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the pressure in the left atria?

A

4 - 12 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the systolic and end diastolic pressures in the left ventricle?

A

Systolic = 90 - 140 mmHg –> needs to pump blood systemically

End Diastolic = 4 - 12 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the systolic and diastolic pressures in the aorta?

A

Systolic = 96 - 140 mmHg

Diastolic = 60 - 90 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the pressure in the capillaries?

A

20 - 40 mmHg

**except renal capillaries = 45 mmHg –> encourage filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the pressure in the vena cava?

A

4 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica Intima

Tunica Media

Tunica Externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

Smooth frictionless inner layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the tunica intima made of?

A

endothelium

basement membrane

thin connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the tunica media made of?

A

Smooth muscle

Elastic fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the tunica externe?

A

Thin layer of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which arteries are considered elastic arteries?

A

Pulmonary Trunk

Aorta

Major Branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the composition of the tunica media in elastic arteries?

A

Thick

Elastin > Smooth Muscle –> stretch to absorb systolic volume of blood and recoil to return to original diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the blood flow in elastic arteries

A

High Pressure

High Veolicity

Small Total Cross Sectional Area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which arteries are considered muscular arteries?

A

Medium/small size arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the composition of the tunica media in muscular arteries?

A

Less elastin, more smooth muscle than elastic arteries –> distributes blood flow to arterioles throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do arterioles/metarterioles do?

A

Act as controller to direct blood to capillary beds @ slow/low pressure flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does the pressure change as it enters arterioles to as it leaves arterioles?

A

Enters ~ 90 - 100 mmHg

Leaves ~ 25 - 35 mmHg

**largest drop in arterial pressures

28
Q

What is the composition of the tunica media in arterioles?

A

Thin

Mostly smooth muscle

Minimal elastin

**regulate blood flow into capillary beds via pre capillary sphincters

29
Q

Describe the blood flow in arterioles

A

Decreasing pressure

Decreasing velocity

Increasing total cross sectional area

30
Q

What are the intrinsic controllers of arterioles?

A

Metabolic demands:

O2 Levels

CO2 Levels

31
Q

What are the extrinsic controllers of arterioles?

A

Autonomic Nervous System:

Mostly Sympathetic Innervation

32
Q

What are capillaries made of?

A

Single endothelial layer w/ basement membrane

NO tunica media or tunica externa

33
Q

Describe blood flow through capillaries

A

Low pressure

Slow velocity

HUGE total cross sectional area

34
Q

What is the function of capillaries

A

Site of respiration (gas exchange)

**any given moment 5% circulating blood in capillaries

35
Q

Describe the composition of veins compared to arteries

A

Thinner more fibrous walls

Less elasin

Larger diameters

36
Q

What is important about venous system in regards to blood volume?

A

Allows large blood volume fluctuations w/o dramatic blood pressure variations

37
Q

What is a unique feature of veins?

A

1 way valves that help get blood back to the heart

**fuctions as muscle pump

38
Q

What are vein valves formed by?

A

In-folds of tunica intima

39
Q

How does the respiratory pump influence venous return/arterial pressures?

A

Changes will promote venous return:

Inspiration

“Muscular Pump” during exercise

40
Q

How does inspiration promote venous return?

A

Transiently decrease right atrial pressure –> allows for increased filling

Venilation compresses IVC –> pushes more blood back into heart

41
Q

How does the muscular pump during exercise promote venous return?

A

Combo of valves closing and contracting leg muscles compress blood toward heart

42
Q

How is blood flow decree?

A

Volume per unit of time

43
Q

What are the mechanical factors affecting blood flow?

A

Velocity

Pressure of blood

Laminar vs Turbulent flow

Resistance

44
Q

How is velocity describe?

A

Distance per unit of time

45
Q

How is velocity related to blood flow?

A

Directly related

**inversely related to TPR

46
Q

How does pressure affected blood flow?

A

Pressure gradients; high –> low

47
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

Smooth frictionless wall = smooth frictionless blood flow = increased blood flow

48
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

“Funny flow” = decreased blood flow

49
Q

How is resistance related to blood flow?

A

Inversely related

**increased resistance = decreased blood flow –> less volume per unit of time

50
Q

What is the most resistance in blood flow due to?

A

Length/diameter of blood vessel –> vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Viscosity of blood

51
Q

How are viscosity and hematocrit related?

A

Viscosity will double if hematocrit increases from 40% - 60%

**polycythema/dehydration decreases fluid volume

52
Q

How is total peripheral resistance (TPR) related to blood flow?

A

Inversely related:

↓ TPR = ↑ arterial blood flow to tissues and ↑ blood flow to venous system.

↑ TPR = ↓ arterial blood flow to tissues and ↓ blood flow to venous system

53
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system influence total peripheral resistance?

A

Blood vessels –> vasoconstriction/vasodilation

Heart –> increase HR/contractility

54
Q

During a sympathetic fight or flight, which vessels are constricted and which are dilated?

A

Vasoconstriction = peripheral and Gi/GU blood vessels

Vasodilation = Skeletal muscle/Heart/CNS –> promotes action/stress response

55
Q

Which sympathetic receptors are responsible for vasoconstriction/vasodilation?

A

Dilation = β2

Constriction = α1

56
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system influence total peripheral resistance?

A

Blood Vessels = Vasodilation –> promote energy uptake/conservation

Heart = Atria ONLY –> decrease HR/contractility

57
Q

Do parasympathetics innervate ventricles?

A

NO

58
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

Aorta

Carotid Sinus

59
Q

How do baroreceptors (stretch receptors) influence total peripheral resistance if there is an increased stretch (↑ BP)?

A

↑ parasympathetic output

↓ sympathetic output

NET: ↓cardiac output (↓HR, ↓contractility) and ↑ systemic blood vessel dilation

60
Q

How do baroreceptors (stretch receptors) influence total peripheral resistance if there is an increased stretch (↓ BP)?

A

↓ parasympathetic output

↑ sympathetic output

NET: ↑cardiac output (↑HR, ↑contractility) and ↓ systemic blood vessel dilation

61
Q

How do the arterial chemoreceptors influence total peripheral resistance?

A

Major role is in respiratory rate

BUT they can vasodilate/vasocontrict blood vessels

62
Q

What is compliance?

A

Ability of blood vessel to stretch per give increase of blood pressure

63
Q

Describe the compliances of blood vessels

A

Veins = more compliant than aorta

Aorta = more compliant than arterioles

64
Q

What is elastance?

A

Ability of blod vessel to return to original diameter

65
Q

Which vessels have greater elastance?

A

Arterial > venous

66
Q

Describe what happens to the arterial system if there is a large blood volume change

A

Can’t accommodate large blood volume change w/o large pressure increase

67
Q

Describe what happens to the venous system if there is a large blood volume change

A

Reservoir system

Can accommodate large blood volume change w/ only small increase of pressure

Pathophysiology Cardiac (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions