module 4 Flashcards
what are the 4 primary vital signs
Temperature
Pulse
Respiration
Blood
Pressure
is the balance between the heat
produced by the body and the
heat lost from the body.
BODY TEMPERATURE
what are the two type of body temperature?
Core Temperature
Surface Temperature
Temperature of the deep tissues of the body. Measured by taking oral and rectal
temperature.
Core Temperature
Temperature of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and fat. Measured by taking axillary temperature
Surface Temperature
what are Factors Affecting HEAT PRODUCTION
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Muscle Activity
Thyroxine Output
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and Sympathetic
Stimulation
Increased temperature of body cells
what are the Process involved in HEAT LOSS
RADIATION
CONDUCTION
CONVECTION
EVAPORATION
the transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of another without
contact between two objects.
RADIATION
Process involved when It feels warm in a crowded room.
RADIATION
the transfer of heat from one surface to another. It requires temperature difference
between the two surfaces.
CONDUCTION
Process involved in Application of moist wash cloth over the skin
CONDUCTION
the dissipation of heat by air
currents.
CONVECTION
Process involved in Exposure of the skin towards electric fan
CONVECTION
The continuous vaporization of
moisture from the skin, oral mucosa, respiratory tract.
EVAPORATION
Process involved in Tepid sponge bath increases peripheral circulation, thereby increasing heat loss by evaporation.
EVAPORATION
what are the Factors Affecting BODY TEMPERATURE
- Age
- Diurnal Variations
- Exercise
- Hormones
- Stress
- Environment
what are the different Alterations in BODY TEMPERATURE
- Pyrexia
- Hyperpyrexia
- Hypothermia
Body temperature above
normal range (38-40 degree Celsius )
Pyrexia
Very high fever, 41ºc and
above
Hyperpyrexia
Subnormal core body
temperature (35 degree Celsius and below)
Hypothermia
what are the different types of fever
- Intermittent
- Remittent
- Relapsing
- Constant
temperature fluctuates
between periods of fever and periods of normal/subnormal temp.
Intermittent
temp. fluctuates within a
wide range over the 24 hour period but remains above normal range
Remittent
temperature is elevated for
few days, alternated with 1 or 2 days of normal temperatur
Relapsing
temperature is consistently
high. Could cause irreversible brain damage.
Constant
what are the sites for measuring
BODY TEMPERATURE
- Oral
- Rectal
- Axillary
- Tympanic
Most accessible and
convenient.
ORAL
Most accurate measurement method
RECTAL
Safest and most non-invasive method
AXILLARY
Useful with toddlers who
squirm at the restraint needed
for the rectal route.
TYMPANIC
what is the normal adult temperature
36.1 °C-37.2 °C (97°F -99°F)
what is the normal infant temperature
36.5 °C-37.5°C (97.5°F-99.5°F)
is a wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart and is regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
PULSE
what are the different pulse sites
*Temporal
* Carotid
* Brachial
* Radial
* Femoral
* Posterior Tibial
* Popliteal
* Pedal (Dorsalis Pedis)
* Apical
a heart rate that is slower than normal, typically defined as a resting heart rate below 60 beats per minute.
BRADYCARDIA
a fast heartbeat, is a condition where the heart beats faster than 100 beats per minute at rest,
TACHYCARDIA
what is the normal adult pulse rate
60-100 beats per minute
what is the normal newborn pulse rate
70 to 190 beats per minute
the pattern and interval of beats.
Rhythm
the strength of the pulse
Volume
artery feels straight,
smooth, soft and pliable.
Arterial wall elasticity
absence indicates cardiovascular disorder
Presence/absence of bilateral equality
is the act of breathing
RESPIRATION
refers to the intake of air into the lungs
Inhalation or inspiration
refers to breathing out or the
movement of gases from the lungs to the atmosphere
Exhalation or expiration
movement of gases in and
out of the lungs.
Ventilation
the exchange of gases from an
area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure which occurs at the alveolo-capillary membrane.
Diffusion
the availability and movement
of blood for transport of gases, nutrients and metabolic waste products.
Perfusion
what are the RESPIRATORY CENTERS
- Medulla Oblongata
- Pons
- Carotid and aortic bodies
- Muscle and joints
what are the different Types of BREATHING
- Costal (Thoracic)
- Diaphragmatic (Abdominal)
what is the normal RR of a newborn
30-60 breaths per minute
what is the normal RR of an adult
12-20 breaths per minute
a kind of breathing which is normal respiration, quiet, rhythmic and effortless (12-20 breaths per minute)
Eupnea
a kind of breathing which is quick, shallow breaths (above 20 breaths per minute)
Tachypnea
a kind of breathing which is abnormally slow breathing (below 12 breaths per minute)
Bradypnea
a kind of breathing which is cessation of breathing or death
Apnea
a breathing patter that over expansion of the lungs characterized by rapid and deep
breaths
Hyperventilation
a breathing patter that under expansion of the lungs, characterized by shallow respirations
Hypoventilation
a breathing patter that having difficult and labored breathing during which the individual has a persistent, unsatisfied need for air and feels distressed
Dyspnea
a breathing patter that have ability to breathe only in upright sitting or standing positions
Orthopnea
is the measure of the pressure
exerted by the blood as it
pulsates through the arteries.
BLOOD PRESSURE
is the pressure of blood
as a result of contraction of the ventricles (100-140 mmHg)
Systolic Pressure
is the pressure when
the ventricles are at rest (60-90 mmHg).
Diastolic Pressure
is the difference between
the systolic and diastolic pressures. 30-40 mmHg
Pulse Pressure
an abnormally high
blood pressure over 140 mmHg systolic and above 90 mmHg diastolic.
HYPERTENSION
an abnormally low blood
pressure, systolic pressure below 100/60 mmHg.
HYPOTENSION
drop in systolic pressure more than 20 mmHg. It
may occurs with a quick change to a standing position.
ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience, which
we primarily associate with tissue damage or describe in terms of such damage
Pain
a pain that represents the normal response to noxious insult or injury of tissues such as skin, muscles, visceral organs, joints, tendons, or bones
Nociceptive
a kind of Nociceptive pain that occurs on musculoskeletal (joint pain, myofascial pain), cutaneous often well localized
Somatic
a kind of Nociceptive pain that occurs on hollow organs and smooth muscle usually referred
Visceral
a pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or disease in the somatosensory nervous system
Neuropathic
a pain that result of activation and sensitization of the nociceptive pain pathway by a variety of mediators released at the site of tissue inflammation
Inflammatory
a pain that usually associated with a recent injury
Acute Pain
a pain that usually associated with a specific cause or injury and described as a constant pain that persists for more than 6 months
Chronic Nonmalignant Pain
a pain that often due to the compression of peripheral nerves or meninges or from the damage to these structures following surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or tumor growth and infiltration
Cancer Pain
a pain that defined by its high resistance to pain relief
Intractable Pain
a pain location that appears on skin or subcutaneous tissue
Cutaneous Pain
a pain location that appears on abdominal cavity, thorax, cranium
Visceral Pain
a pain location that appears on ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels
Deep Somatic Pain
a pain location that perceived both at the source and extending to other tissues
Radiating
a pain location that perceived in body areas away from the pain
Referred
a pain location that perceived in nerves left by a missing, amputated, or paralyzed body part
Phantom pain
a dimension of pain that includes the patient’s perception of the pain and the body’s reaction to the stimulus
Physical dimension
a dimension of pain that includes the patient’s perception of the pain’s location, intensity, and quality
Sensory dimension
a dimension of pain that refers to the verbal and
nonverbal behaviors that the patient demonstrates in response to the pain
Behavioral dimension
a dimension of pain that concerns the influences of the patient’s social context and cultural background on the patient’s pain experience
Sociocultural dimension
a dimension of pain that concerns “ attitudes,
intentions, and motivations related to the pain and its management” which are affected by all of the dimensions mentioned but can be associated with the management part of the pain experience, which is dependent on cognitive
Cognitive dimension
a dimension of pain that concerns feelings, sentiments, and emotions related to the pain experience The pain can affect the emotions and the emotions can affect the perception of pain
Affective dimension
a dimension of pain that refers to the meaning and purpose that the person “attributes to the pain, self, others, and the divine
Spiritual dimension
a hormone that decreases tolerance to pain and to pain threshold
estrogen
a hormone that increases pain tolerance
Testosterone
what does FLACC behavioral scale means
Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability
