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A level Chem > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Empirical formula

A

Simplest whole number ratio of elements in a compound

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2
Q

Molecular formula

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound

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3
Q

General formula

A

Formula which covers a homologous series

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4
Q

Structural formula

A

Minimal level of detail needed to draw something

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5
Q

Displayed formula

A

Shows all of bonds

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6
Q

What is the priority list of order for iupac namunclature

A
  • Carboxylic acid, aldehyde,ketone,alkene, alcohol, halogen
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7
Q

Homologous group

A
  • compounds with same functional group
  • but each successive member differs by ch2
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8
Q

Functional group

A

part of molecule responsible for its chemical reactions

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9
Q

hydrocarbon

A

molecule containing carbon and hydrogen only

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10
Q

saturated compound

A

contains single bonds only

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11
Q

unsaturated compound

A

contains atleast one carbon to carbon multiple bond

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12
Q

aromatic

A

contains a benzene ring

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13
Q

aliphatic

A

contains carbon in a straight chain, branched chain or non-aromatic ring

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14
Q

structural isomer

A

compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formula

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15
Q

stereoisomerism

A

compounds with same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space

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16
Q

homolytic fission

A

where covalent bond breaks and electrons go to each atom forming 2 radicals

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17
Q

heterolytic fission

A

covalent bond breaks and both electrons go to one atom forming 2 ions

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18
Q

radical

A

highly reactive species with an unpaired electron

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19
Q

curly arrow

A

shows movement of pair of electrons

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20
Q

nucleophile

A

electron pair donor

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21
Q

electrophile

A

electron pair acceptor

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22
Q

describe bonding in alkanes

A

-sigma bonds
- which can rotate and are formed by head on overlap of neighbouring p-orbitals

23
Q

what is the shape in alkanes?

A

tetrahedral shape 109.5

24
Q

why do increased chain lengths increase boiling point in alkanes?

A
  • increased chain length increases number of carbons
  • increased points of surface contact
  • so stronger induced dipole dipole interactions between molecules
  • which needs more energy to overcome
25
Q

why does increased branching decrease boiling point in alkanes?

A
  • increased branching decreases points of surface contact between molecules
  • weaker induced dipole dipole interactions between molecules
  • which needs less energy to overcome
26
Q

Why are alkanes very unreactive?

A
  • due to high bond enthalpies
  • and low polarity of C-C and C-H
27
Q

why are alkanes used as fuels?

A
  • as large amount of energy is released with bond breaking
28
Q

what are the products of complete combustion?

A
  • CO2 and H2O
29
Q

what are the products of incomplete combustion?

A
  • CO and H2O
  • Carbon dioxide and carbon
  • CO is poisonous
  • CO2 and H2O are greenhouse gases
30
Q

what is needed for alkane and halokane to react

A
  • Halogen
  • UV light
  • High temp
31
Q

What is the mechanism called of halogen and alkane reaction

A
  • free radical substitution
32
Q

What are the limitations of free radical substitution?

A
  • multi substitution can occur
  • substitution occurs at different positions on carbon chain producing mixture of isomers
33
Q

why are alkenes reactive

A
  • has sigma bond which is stronger and weaker pi bond which restricts rotation
  • during reactions weaker pi bond breaks and stronger sigma bond remains intact
34
Q

what is shape around alkene?

A

trigonal planar- 120 degrees

35
Q

describe bonding in alkene

A
  • sideways overlap of 2 p orbitals on each carbon forms a pi bond above and below the plane of the molecule
36
Q

When can a molecule exhibit e/z isomerism?

A

if it has:
- a carbon carbon double bond which restricts rotation
- has 2 different groups attached to each carbon in carbon carbon double bond

37
Q

when can molecule exhibit cis/trans isomerism?

A
  • when 2 substituents are the same on each carbon (one on each)
38
Q

what is percentage atom economy for addition reactions?

A
  • 100%
39
Q

Why are addition polymers non biodegradable?

A
  • they have strong C-C bonds
40
Q

How to deal with addition polymers?

A
  • separate into types by sorting and recycle
  • crack them into monomers and use them as feedstock for other reactions
  • burn waste to generate electricity
  • landfill
41
Q

why is pentan-2,2-diol more soluble than pentan-1-ol?

A

pentan-2,2-diol has more hydroxy groups and so forms more hydrogen bonds with water

42
Q

why are haloalkanes polar

A
  • the halogen is more electronegative than the carbon
43
Q

how to measure rate of hydrolysis

A
  • heat haloalkane with water in presence of silver nitrate in ethanol
  • silver ion reacts with the halide ion to form a coloured ppt
  • measure time taken
44
Q

why is C-I faster rate of hydrolysis than C-Br

A
  • Bond enthalpy of C-I is weaker than C-Br so breaks more easily and so faster hydrolysis
45
Q

how is conc of ozone maintained in atmosphere?

A

O3->O2+O
reversible reaction

46
Q

uses of CFCs eg Cl3FC

A

refrigerants, dry cleaning fluids, aerosol propellants

47
Q

useful properties of CFCs

A

-low reactivity
- non-toxic
-non-flammable
-volatile

48
Q

why are CFCs bad?

A
  • produce chlorine radicals which catalyse destruction of ozone
49
Q

why is ozone good

A
  • absorbs UV light from atmosphere
50
Q

how to purify liquid sample:

A
  • add base to neutralise acid
  • transfer contents to separating funnel and shake
  • less dense layer at top and more dense at bottom
  • run of required layer
  • dry organic layer with MgSO4
  • redistill the liquid to further purify it and collect
51
Q

how does ir spectroscopy work

A
  • molecules absorb ir radiation
  • make bonds vibrate
52
Q

green house gases such as ch4 and co2 and h2o absorb ir radiation

A

causes global warming

53
Q

uses of ir spectroscopy

A
  • monitor gases causing air pollution
  • modern breathalysers to monitor ethanol
54
Q
A

A level Chem (6 decks)

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