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MCB > MODULE 4 > Flashcards

MODULE 4 Flashcards

1
Q

PRRS (pattern recognition receptors)

A

recognise PAMPS (pathogen associated molecular patterns) which are unique to microbes

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1
Q

DAMPs (damage associated molecular patterns)

A

identify cellular damage, indicating there may be infection or injury

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2
Q

non specific defense systems

A
  • Chemical barriers
  • Physical barriers
  • Biological barriers
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3
Q

physical barriers

A

skin, mucous membranes

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3
Q

chemical barriers

A

lysosomes, acidic pH in stomach

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4
Q

biological barriers

A

natural flora

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5
Q

response to microbes

A
  • phagocytosis
  • inflammation
  • antimicrobial proteins
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6
Q

phagocytosis in response to microbes

A

engulfmnet and digestion of microbes by neutrophils and macrophages

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7
Q

inflammation in response to microbe

A

recruitment of immune cells to site of infection

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8
Q

antimicrobial proteins

A

interferons, defensins

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9
Q

complement proteins what do they do

A

opsonisation, membrane attack complex, enhance phagocytosis

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10
Q

opsonisation

A

where pathogens are marked for ingestion and destruction by phagocytes

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11
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytsosis and cytokine production

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12
Q

membrane attack complex

A

creates pores in cell membranes of pathogens causing them to undergo cell lysis and die

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13
Q

dendritic cells

A

antigen presentation, activation of adaptive immunity

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14
Q

natural killer cells

A

killing of infected cells

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15
Q

neutrophils

A

rapid response, phagocytosis

16
Q

cytokines

A

act as signalling molecules regulting immune responses

17
Q

chemokine

A

attract immune cells to infection sites

18
Q

neutrophil recruitment steps

A
  1. margination
  2. rolling
  3. adhesion
  4. diapedesis
  5. adhesion
19
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement towards infection site guided by chemokine

20
Q

phagocytosis stages

A
  1. recognition
  2. engulfment
  3. formation of phagosome
  4. fusion with lysosome (phagolysosome)
  5. digestion
21
Q

killing mechanisms

A
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  • Nitric oxide
  • Lysosomal enzymes
22
Q

antibody structure

A

variable (antigen binding) and constant (effector function) regions

23
Q

antibody functions

A

neutralisation, opsonisation, complement activation

24
Q

antibody types

A

IgG - opsonisation, neutralisation
IgA - mucosal activity
IgM - first response, complement activation
IgE - allergic responses
IgD - B cell receptor

25
Q

antigen recognition in adaptive immune response

A

T cells recognise processed antigens presented by MHC molecules

26
Q

TCR-MHC interaction

A

ensures specificity of immune response

27
Q

MHC-I

A

presents intracellular antigens to CD8+ T cells

28
Q

MHC-II

A

presents extracellular antigens to CD4+ T cells

29
Q

T cell activation

A
  1. Antigen recognition
  2. co stimulation (CD28-B7)
  3. cytokine signalling

dendritic cells key antigen presenting cells for initiating T cell responses

30
Q

th1 (T helper cell)

A

induced by IL-12, involved in cell mediated immunity

31
Q

th2 (T helper cell)

A

induced by IL-4, involved in humoral immunity

32
Q

th17 (T helper cell)

A

induced by IL-6, IL-23, involved in inflammation and autoimmunity

33
Q

immunological memory

A

rapid and robust antibody response upon re exposure

34
Q

vaccination

A

induces memory cells, providing long term protection

35
Q

bacteria pathogenesis

A

adherence, invasion, evasion

36
Q

virus replication

A

attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, release

37
Q

kosch’s postulates

A

criteria to establish a microbe as a pathogen, modern modifactions consider genetic factors

38
Q

immune evasion

A

antigenic variation, immune suppression

39
Q

infection control failure causes

A

antimicrobial resistance, pathogen evolution

MCB (2 decks)

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