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MCB 11 LEC > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Why control growth of microorganisms?

A
  1. prevent spoilage of important commodities
  2. prevent infection
  3. prevent contamination of cultures, personnel, and environment
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2
Q

complete destruction of all microorganisms, including endospores

A

STERILIZATION

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3
Q
  • killing, inhibition, or removal of pathogenic microorganisms
A

DISINFECTION

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4
Q

inanimate objects that harbor microorganisms

A

Fomites

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5
Q

Reduction of microbial population to levels considered safe by public health standards

A

SANITIZATION

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6
Q

preventing infections in living tissues using chemicals

A

ANTISEPSIS

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7
Q

Agents that carry out antisepsis
selectively effective against microorganisms; does not cause tissue damage

A

ANTISEPTICS

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8
Q

mechanical removal + use of
mild chemicals on tissues or
skin

A

DEGERMING

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9
Q

Agents Used in Microbial Control

A

PHYSICAL or CHEMICAL

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10
Q

Physical Methods to Control Microorganisms

A

Application of Heat
Filtration
Desiccation
Addition of Solutes
Radiation

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11
Q

Chemical Methods to Control Microorganisms

A

Antimicrobial agents
Phenols and phenolics
Alcohols
Halogens
Heavy Metals
Surfactants
Organic Acids
Alkylating Agents
Peroxygens

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12
Q
  • MOA: denatures proteins and other cellular components
  • Moist or Dry Heat
A

Application of Heat

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13
Q
  • MOA: irreversible
    denaturation of enzymes and
    structural proteins
  • more effective in penetrating
    cells
A

Moist Heat

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14
Q

Types of Moist Heat

A

Boiling
Steam under pressure
Tyndallization
Pasteurization

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15
Q
  • kills vegetative cells and
    eukaryotic spores
  • sterility is not achieved
A

Boiling

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16
Q
  • uses autoclave or pressure
    cooker
  • 121 ̊C, 15 psi, for 15 minutes
A

Steam under pressure

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17
Q

Indicators to ensure sterility:

A

autoclave tape
Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores

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18
Q
  • intermittent or fractional sterilization
  • for materials destroyed beyond 100̊C
A

Tyndallization

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19
Q

Process of Tyndallization

A
  • heating to 100 ̊C for 15 to 30 minutes
  • done for 3 consecutive days
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20
Q
  • kill pathogens and reduce the
    number spoilage
    microorganisms
A

Pasteurization

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21
Q

basis of pasteurization

A

Coxiella burnettii

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22
Q

Ways of pasteurization

A

LTLT – 63 ̊C, 30 minutes
HTST - 72 ̊C, 15 seconds
UHT - 135 to 140 ̊C, 1 to 2 seconds

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23
Q

Types of Dry Heat

A

Direct Flame
Hot Air

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24
Q
  • MOA: incineration or burning to ashes
  • Alcohol lamps, Bunsen burner, Bactericinerator
A

Dry Heat – Direct Flame

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25
Q
  • MOA: oxidation of molecular components
  • 170 ̊C for at least 2 hours
  • mechanical convection oven
A

Dry Heat – Hot Air

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26
Q
  • Refrigeration – 4 to 7 ̊C
  • Freezing - 0 ̊C and below
  • MOA: decreased enzyme
    activity = decrease in
    metabolic activity
A

Low Temperature

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27
Q

group of organisms with the ability to grow and reproduce under low temperatures ranging from −20 °C to 10 °C

A

psychrophiles

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28
Q
  • MOA: exclusion of
    microorganisms
  • common pore size: 0.2 μm
  • for heat sensitive solutions
A

Filtration

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29
Q

MOA: lowering of aw = microbiostasis

A

Desiccation

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30
Q

types of Desiccation

A

Drying
Freeze drying or lyophilization

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31
Q
  • sunlight, drum drying,
    spray drying, evaporation
A

Drying

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32
Q

rapid freezing then sublimation

A

Freeze drying or lyophilization

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33
Q
  • MOA: osmotic shock
  • increase in solutes such as
    salts and sugars
A

Addition of Solutes

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34
Q

types of radiation

A

Ionizing Radiation
Non-Ionizing Radiation (UV Radiation)
Sunlight

35
Q
  • Shorter wavelength; strong penetrating power
  • MOA: double strand breaks in DNA
  • Gamma rays, X-rays, High-energy Electron Beam
  • for materials that cannot be autoclaved
A

Radiation – Ionizing Radiation

36
Q
  • Longer wavelength; lower energy
  • MOA: formation of thymine dimers
  • Poor penetrating power – surface disinfection
A

Non-Ionizing Radiation
* Ultraviolet (UV) radiation

37
Q
  • UV and visible light
  • MOA: thymine dimers and
    oxidation
A

Radiation – Sunlight

38
Q
  • natural or synthetic chemicals
  • used to destroy or inhibit microorganisms
A

Antimicrobial agents

39
Q
  • substances that kills microorganisms
A

bactericidal, fungicidal, viricidal
Antimicrobial agents
-cidal (Latin cida = kill)

40
Q
  • prevent growth
    microorganisms
A

bacteriostatic, fungistatic,
viristatic
Antimicrobial agents
-static (Latin statikos = stopping)

41
Q

benzene ring with –OH group

A

Phenol

42
Q

compounds that have phenol in their chemical structure; more stable

A

Phenolics

43
Q
  • MOA: membrane disruption and
    proteins denaturation
  • e.g. thymol, eucalyptol, cresols
A

Phenols and phenolics

44
Q

MOA: inhibition of fatty acid-
biosynthesis pathway

A

Triclosan (Phenols and phenolics)

45
Q
  • MOA: protein denaturation
  • most effective at 70% concentration
  • bactericidal, fungicidal, viricidal (enveloped viruses)
A

Alcohols

46
Q
  • belong to Group VIIA
  • e.g. iodine, chlorine, fluorine
A

Halogens

47
Q
  • MOA: oxidation of cellular
    components
  • complexed to form iodophors
  • e.g. povidone-iodine
A

Halogens - Iodine

48
Q
  • MOA: oxidation of cellular
    components
  • e.g. Hypochlorous acid and
    sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
A

Halogens - Chlorine

49
Q
  • 5.25% to 6.15% sodium hypochlorite
  • diluted to 1:100 (1/4 cup of bleach in a gallon of water)
  • recommended in disinfecting
    surfaces against the SARS-CoV-2
    virus
A

Bleach

50
Q
  • MOA: inference of metabolism
A

Halogens - Fluorine/Fluoride

51
Q
  • MOA: protein denaturation
  • Oligodynamic
  • does not show selective
    toxicity
A

Heavy Metals

52
Q

types of heavy metals

A

Mercury
Silver
Copper
Zinc
Metal-based nanoparticles

53
Q
  • was used to treat syphilis
  • e.g. mercurochrome and merthiolate
A

Heavy Metals - Mercury

54
Q
  • combined with antibiotics
  • coating in medical supplies
A

Heavy Metals - Silver

55
Q
  • used to control algal growth
A

Heavy Metals - Copper

56
Q
  • Zinc chloride – mouthwash
  • Zinc oxide – antiseptic cream
  • Zinc pyrithione
    – antidandruff shampoo
    – psoriasis and acne treatment
A

Heavy Metals - Zinc

57
Q
  • MOA: membrane disruption
    oxidation
A

Heavy Metals - Metal-based nanoparticles

58
Q
  • used as coatings on appliances
A

Silver-nanoparticles

59
Q
  • lowers surface tension of liquids
    MOA: physical removal of microorganisms
A

Surfactants

60
Q

-long chain fatty acids that have both polar and nonpolar regions

A

Surfactants - Soap

61
Q

-negatively charged anion at one end attached to a long hydrophobic chain

A

Surfactants - Anionic Detergent

62
Q

-positively charged organic ions
responsible for the surface activity
- e.g. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (Quats)

A

Surfactants - Cationic Detergents

63
Q
  • MOA: disruption of membrane integrity
  • quaternary nitrogen atom that confers the positive charge
  • e.g. benzalkonium chloride and cetylpyridinium
    chloride
A

Quaternary Ammonium Compound (QUATS)

64
Q
  • preservatives
  • flavorless, nontoxic, and readily metabolized
  • Applications: food and cosmetics
A

Organic Acids

65
Q

MOA: inhibition of cellular enzymes

A

Organic Acids - Sorbic acid

66
Q

MOA: oxidative phosphorylation &
amino acid uptake interference

A

Organic Acids - Benzoic acid

67
Q

MOA: inhibition of metabolic enzymes

A

Organic Acids - Propionic acid

68
Q

MOA: nucleic acid and enzyme inactivation

A

Alkylating Agents

69
Q

types of alkylating agents

A

Aldehydes
Ethylene Oxide

70
Q

Types of aldehydes

A

Formaldehyde
Glutaraldehyde
o-phthalaldehyde (OPA)

71
Q

-used in solution at a conc. of 37%
(formalin)
- storage of tissue specimens, embalming fluid, and in vaccine preparation

A

Aldehydes - Formaldehyde

72
Q

-two reactive aldehyde group
- surgical and medical equipment

A

Aldehydes - Glutaraldehyde

73
Q

minimal odor and more effective against mycobacteria

A

Aldehydes - o-phthalaldehyde (OPA)

74
Q
  • Sterilizing gas
  • Strong penetrating capability
  • Sterilization of items within plastics
A

Alkylating Agents - Ethylene Oxide

75
Q
  • MOA: oxidation of cellular components
  • Disinfectant /antiseptic
A

Peroxygens

76
Q

Types of Peroxygens

A

Hydrogen Peroxide
Benzoyl peroxide
Carbamide peroxide

77
Q
  • effective against bacteria, fungi,
    viruses, and endospores (extended
    exposure)
  • Bubbling – production of oxygen and water
A

Hydrogen Peroxide

78
Q

-acne medication solutions

A

Benzoyl peroxide

79
Q

toothpaste

A

Carbamide peroxide

80
Q

time needed to kill a given number of organisms at a specified temperature

A

Thermal death time

81
Q
  • time required to destroy 90% of the organisms
A

Decimal reduction time (D value)

82
Q
  • used to compute for the equivalent thermal processes at different temperatures
A

z value

83
Q
  • smallest amount of agent needed to inhibit the
    growth of a test organism
A

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

84
Q

Factors affecting the effectiveness of microbial control

A
  • Population Size
  • Population Composition
  • Concentration of Agent
  • Exposure time
  • Temperature
  • Other intrinsic and extrinsic factors

MCB 11 LEC (6 decks)

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