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PCP > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy?

A

The study of the shape and structure

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2
Q

Define gross anatomy

A

Study of the body using only the naked eye

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3
Q

Define microscopic anatomy

A

Study of body parts using a microscope

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4
Q

What is Cytology?

A

The study of cells

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5
Q

What is Histology?

A

The study of tissues

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6
Q

Define Pathological anatomy

A

Study of diseased body structures

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7
Q

Define Systemic anatomy

A

The study of all aspects of the function of a specific organ and its system

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8
Q

Define Physiology

A

The study of the functions of organisms

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9
Q

Define Pathophysiology

A

The study of the disease within the body

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10
Q

Define metabolism

A

All chemical reactions that occur in the body

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11
Q

Define differentiation

A

Simple cells form into specialized cells with specific structure and function (form organs/ tissues)

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12
Q

What does catabolism mean?

A

Complex substances are broken down into simpler substances creating energy

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13
Q

What does Anabolism mean?

A

Simple substances combine to form a complex substance ( requires energy)

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14
Q

What are the life 10 processes?

A

Responsive, organization, respiration, growth, digestion, metabolism, movement, differentiation, excretion and reproduction

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15
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The bodies constant internal environment that must be maintained.

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16
Q

What is the reference position

A

Body facing forward with arms at sides with palms forward and head and feet pointing forward

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17
Q

What is bilateral symmetry

A

Balanced portions

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18
Q

What does ipsilateral mean

A

Structures on the same side of the body in anatomical position

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19
Q

What does Contralateral mean?

A

Structures are on opposite sides of the body in anatomical position

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20
Q

Which plane divides the body into left and right?

A

Sagittal

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21
Q

What is the front and the back of the body called?

A

Frontal or Coronal plane

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22
Q

what is the transverse plane (horizontal plane)

A

Divides the body into top and bottom

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23
Q

Medial means?

A

Towards the midline

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24
Q

Lateral means?

A

Away from the midline

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25
Q

Proximal means?

A

Closer to the point of attachment

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26
Q

Distal means?

A

Further away from the point of attachment

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27
Q

What is the anatomical direction term for above

A

Superior

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28
Q

What is the anatomical direction term for below?

A

Inferior

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29
Q

Anterior means?

A

front of the body

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30
Q

Explain where Cephalic is referencing to

A

Towards head

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31
Q

Caudal means what?

A

towards tail of spine.

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32
Q

Posterior means what?

A

Back of body

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33
Q

What does dorsal mean?

A

Pertaining to back or top

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34
Q

What does ventral mean?

A

Pertaining to the front

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35
Q

What layer is the Visceral layer?

A

The inner layer

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36
Q

What layer is the parietal layer?

A

The outer layer

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37
Q

What are the 2 parts of the dorsal cavity?

A

Cranial and Spinal ventral cavity

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38
Q

Where is the thoracic cavity?

A

Right /Left pleural cavity, Mediastinum

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39
Q

The cavity that contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity is called what?

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

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40
Q

Name the 9 abdominal regions

A

Right and Left Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right and Left Lumbar, Umbilical, Right and Left Iliac and the hypogastric

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41
Q

What is the definition of matter?

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

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42
Q

What is a solid?

A

It has a definite shape and definite volume

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43
Q

What has an indefinite shape and definite volume?

A

Liquids

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44
Q

Define a gas

A

Indefinite shape and indefinite volume

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45
Q

What is an element?

A

Simple form of matter, substance that can’t be broken down into tow or more different substances

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46
Q

Atoms contain several kinds of subatomic particals . What are the most important ones?

A

Protons- found in nucleus
Neutrons - found in nucleus
Electrons- found in electron cloud

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47
Q

Which elements are most prevalent in the human body?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen.

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48
Q

What is the difference between an element, atom and a molecule?

A

An Atom is made up of subatomic particals
An Element is the simplest substance
A Molecule is 2 or more atoms that are chemically bound.

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49
Q

Describe the composition of an atom

A

An atom consist of tiny nucleus that is surrounded by moving electrons.

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50
Q

How do electrons interact with each other?

A

through the electromagnetic force

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51
Q

Explain the Bohr model

A

It resembles planets revolving around the sun, useful for visualizing thee atoms structure. Shows the atom as a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons with the electrons circulating at specific distances.

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52
Q

What is the force that holds atoms together that is determined by electrons? What are the three types?

A

Chemical Bonds
Ionic , Hydrogen. Covalent

53
Q

Atoms like to share electrons to maintain stability
TRUE OR FALSE

A

True

54
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

Interaction between two or more atoms that happens as a result of activity between electrons in their outside energy levels

55
Q

What are the components of chemical reactions?

A

Reactants and Products

56
Q

What is the octet rule? (Lewis rule of 8)

A

Atoms with fewer or more than 8 electrons in the outside energy level wilt attempt to Lose or gain or share electrons

57
Q

What is an Ion

A

Atoms or molecules where the total number of electrons is not equal to the number of protons

58
Q

An atom loses 1 or more electrons and has a net positive charge is called what?

A

Cation

59
Q

An atom gains electrons then it has a net negative charge is called what?

A

Anion

60
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Same number or protons but different number of neutrons. Same atomic number and different atomic weight

61
Q

An unstable isotope that undergoes nuclear breakdown and emits nuclear particals and radiation is called what

A

Radioactive isotopes

62
Q

What is an atom of at least two different elements joined to form chemical combinations and is in a fixed ratio to form a new substances called?

A

Compound

63
Q

Ionic bonds are?

A

Formed by transfer of electrons

64
Q

What is a covalent bond? What are the types?

A

Formed when 2 atoms share a pair of electrons.
Single covalent
Double covalent

65
Q

What is a non polar covalent bond?

A

Electrons shared equally between 2 atoms

66
Q

Electrons spend more time around one end of the atom than the other and is stronger than ionic bonds is called what?

A

Polar covalent bond

67
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

results from the weak electrical attraction between the positive end of one molecule and the negative end of another

68
Q

What type of formula is this:

C6 H12 O6?

A

Molecular formula

69
Q

What type of formula is this:

H-O-H

A

Structural Formula

70
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

When more energy is stored in reactants than in the products, therefore energy is RELEASED.

71
Q

What is an example of an exergonic reaction?

A

ATP + H2O —> HDP+ P+ Energy
(Hydrolysis)

72
Q

What is an Endergonic reaction?

A

More energy is stored in products than reactants.
Therefore energy is REQUIRED.

73
Q

What is an example of an Endergonic reaction

A

ADP+ P+ Energy —> ATP + H2O
(Dehydration)

74
Q

What factors affect the reaction rate?

A

Temp- too hot faster reaction
Pressure- Higher pressure faster reaction
Concentration- Higher Conc Faster reaction
Surface area- Greater SA faster the reaction
Catalyst- Substance that changes the reaction rate without changing itself

75
Q

What is a solute?

A

A substance dissolves to form a solution

76
Q

What is a solvent

A

The substance in which a solute dissolves

77
Q

What is a solution

A

Solute dissolved in a solvent

78
Q

What is a mixture

A

Contains 2 or more substances that can be physically separated ( sugar and water)

79
Q

What is a suspension?

A

Particles that settle if left undisturbed.
( sand and water)

80
Q

What is a colloidal suspension?

A

Particles so small they don’t dissolve.
EX- cytoplasm in the cell

81
Q

What is a tincture?

A

When the solute is dissolved in a solvent of alcohol.

82
Q

What is a catabolism?

A

Breaks down complex compounds into simpler ones.
Releases energy.
Hydrolysis
End products are C02 and H20
More than half the energy released is transferred to ATP

83
Q

What is an anabolism?

A

Joins simple molecules to form more complex bio molecules.
requires energy
EX- Dehydration synthesis

84
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A solution that resists change in pH when acids or bases are added to it.

85
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Have at least one carbon atom and at least one C-C or C-H bond in each molecule.

86
Q

What is an inorganic compounds?

A

Few have carbon atoms and none have C-C or C-H bonds

87
Q

What are the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

A

Organic compounds have at least one carbon atom and at least one C-C or C-H bond.

Inorganic compounds have few carbon atoms and no C-C or C-H bonds.

88
Q

What is an acid?

A

Any substance that releases a hydrogen ion when in a solution.

89
Q

What is a base?

A

electrolytes that dissociate to yield hydroxide ions or other electrolytes that combine with hydrogen ions.

90
Q

Acids and bases are common chemical substances that are chemical opposites.
TRUE OR FALSE

A

True

91
Q

What are the IMPORTANT numbers on the pH chart?

A

7.35- 7.45 (Normal)

92
Q

On the pH chart acid (high H+) and (low pH) is considered what?

A

Acidemia ( low blood pH )

93
Q

On the pH chart Alkaline (low H+) and (High pH) is considered what?

A

Alkalemia (High blood pH)

94
Q

What are the compatible with life numbers?

A

6.7 to 7.9

95
Q

Carbohydrates are defined as….

A

Molecules composed of C, H, O in a set ratio of 1:2:1

96
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Simple sugars, simplest form of carbohydrate
Glucose is the most important type

97
Q

Fructose and Galactose when ingested are converted into glucose in the liver AND have some molecular formula but are arranged differently
TRUE OR FALSE

A

True

98
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Formed when two monosaccharides are linked in dehydration synthesis.

EXAMPLES-
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

99
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Long chain of monosaccharides
Including:
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

100
Q

What is the function of a protein?

A

All proteins contain C, H, O and N m,any contain S, FE.
(AMINO ACIDS)- linked together by peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis.
The basic structure material of the body.

101
Q

what is a nucleic acid?

A

Large complex organic compounds that contain C, H, O, N and phosphate.

102
Q

What is transcription?

A

Strand of RNA forms along a strand of DNA then becomes mRNA then is released out of the nucleus and carries the message it the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

103
Q

What is translation?

A

mRNA attracts small and large ribosome subunits then tRNA picks up an amino acid floating freely in the cytoplasm, then it attaches to the ribosome/ RNA in a specific sequence.

104
Q

What are the fluid compartments?

A

Extracellular, Intracellular

105
Q

Define electrolytes

A

Positively charged electrolytes are called cations they are found intracellularly (K, Ca, Mg) and extracellularly ( Na)
Negatively charged electrolytes are called anions they are found intracellularly ( Po4 3-) and they are found extracellularly ( Cl-, HCO3)

106
Q

How does water enter the body?

A

Digestive system and cellular metabolism

107
Q

How does water exit the body?

A

kidneys, lungs, sweat, feces

108
Q

What is starlings law of capillaries

A

Fluid moves due to filtration across the wall of a capillary, depends on the balance between the hydrostatic and oncotic (osmotic) pressure gradient across the capillary.

109
Q

Does hydrostatic mean push or pull?

A

Push

110
Q

Does osmotic mean pull or push

A

Pull

111
Q

Explain Hydrostatic pressure

A

Is the primary force in fluid transport between capillaries and tissues which can be described as the pressure of any fluid enclosed in a space.

112
Q

What are the main hydrostatic forces?
Which end are they higher at?
Where is their pressure?

A

Blood Hydrostatic forces (BHP)
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)

BHP- Higher at the arteriol end
IFHP- higher at the venous end

BHP- Inside pressure pushing on the capillary walls
IFHP- the pressure between the inner capillary and the cell

113
Q

what does blood hydrostatic pressure do?

A

The force that drives the fluid out of the capillaries and into the tissues. As fluid exits a capillary and moves into the tissues the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid rises.

114
Q

What does interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure do?

A

IFHP is the mechanical force if water within the interstitum against cellular membranes it works with plasma osmotic pressure against filtration. It keeps small amounts of plasma proteins that has leaked into the interstitum within the interstitum.

115
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The net pressure that drives the movement of fluid from the interstitial fluid back into the capillaries (reabsorption) (draws fluid back in)

116
Q

What are the main osmotic forces?
What do they do?

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
Interstitial fluid colloid pressure (IFCOP)

BCOP-Maintains levels of intravascular fluids ( Large molecules sucking fluid back in
IFCOP- Works with capillary hydrostatic pressure in filtration.

117
Q

What is net filtration?

A

The amount of pressure

118
Q

What is the formula for net filtration pressure

A

NFP= (BHP-IFHP) - (BCOP-IFCOP)

119
Q

What happens at the arteriole end of a capillary

A

hydrostatic forces take over
Movement of fluid from the bloodstream moves into the interstitum causes by BHP and IFCOP.

120
Q

What happens at the Venule end of a capillary

A

Oncotic (osmotic) forces take over
Movement of fluids from the interstitum into the bloodstream is caused by BCOP and IFHP

121
Q

Explain tonicity?

A

Isotonic- equal solute concentration
Same pressure
Hypotonic- Lesser solute concentration
Less pressure
Hypertonic- Higher solute concentration
Higher pressure

122
Q

Define diffusion

A

Movement of atoms , ions or molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

123
Q

What is _________ . It moves substances against a concentration gradient. (UPHILL)

A

Active Transport it adds energy.

124
Q

What is Facilitated diffusion?

A

Moves a substance down the gradient using a carrier protein. ( requires a carrier)

125
Q

Why is ADH released?

A

Increased plasma osmolality
Decreased circulating blood volume
Lowered venous and arteriole pressure

126
Q

Where is ADH created and stored?

A

Created in the Hypothalamus
Stored in the Pituitary Gland

127
Q

Why is ADH stimulated to be released a result of

A

Angiotensin II

128
Q

What are the roles of electrolytes

A

Potassium (K+)- nerve muscle and cardiac function
Calcium (Ca++)- bone/ muscle concentration
Magnesium Mg++)- enzymes need it

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