Module 4 Flashcards
The two major elements of human geography
Population
Culture
Canadas population approx.
38 Million
Three factors of population growth in canada
Territorial expansion
Natural increase
immigration
Migration is the result of what?
Push and pull factors
After 1986, what is the main reason for population increase?
Immigration
What determines population change?
births, deaths, and migration
What are the factors behind the decline in both fertility and mortality?
Improvements in public health
Birth rate driven by social and economic factors
What amount of Canadas population does immigration account for (%)
68%
Where do the bulk of immigrants settle?
Major Cities
Where do most of our immigrants come from today?
Asia
What is ontarios population density
13.6
Where is Canadas population concentrated
CAN-US border
What provinces were the slowest growing regions?
Quebec and Atlantic provinces
Core Zone (Most densely populated)
Great Lakes - St Lawrence Lowlands
Secondary Zone
Moderately populated (Narrow band along southern Canada
Tertiary Zone
Sparsely populated (Boreal forest, stretches across mid-canada)
Empty Zone
Isolated settlements (Arctic and northern edge of the boreal forest)
What are the two most densely populated zones referred to as?
National Ecumene
What % of Canadians live in urban areas?
83%
What are the six largest CMAs?
Toronto
Montreal
Calgary
Vancouver
Edmonton
Ottawa-Gatineau
Three factors behind the urban population increase
o Arrival of immigrants in large cities
o Rural Canadians leaving for urban places, especially to the largest cities
o Indigenous peoples moving to urban areas,
especially in Western Canada
Stages of Growth Theory? (3)
Rural society
Urbanization
Urban society
What is a CMA?
Census Metropolitan Area
(An urban area with adjacent urban and rural areas that have a high degree of social and economic integration)
What % of Canadians live in CMAs?
70%
What are the attractions of cities?
- Business and employment opportunities
- Amenities are readily available
- Technological innovation
- Capital accumulation
- Presence of major educational institutions (universities)
What are the challenges facing Canadian cities?
- Urban sprawl
- Heavy costs for infrastructure
- Retail competition (suburbs vs. downtown)
- Transportation and traffic congestion
- Lack of power of municipal governments to raise money
How does the rate of urbanization vary across Canada?
- Ontario and BC have highest urban populations
- Atlantic Canada and Territorial North have lowest
- Western Canada experiencing largest changes
The trend to an older population is driven by what 3 factors ?
o Decreased fertility rate
o Increase in life expectancy
o Movement of the baby boom generation into retirement and old age
What was the indigenous population at the LOW point?
105,611
What is the indigenous population today?`
almost 2 million
What percentage and where do the most indigenous people reside?
80% in Western Canada, Ontario, and BC
What are the 4 core values to Canadian culture?
- Government is based on British parliamentary institutions and the
rule of law - Two official languages
- Indigenous peoples have special rights
- Tradition and law are in the Canadian Constitution
Ethnicity
o Ethnic group: members of a population who share a culture that is distinct from other groups
o Culture: the learned collective behaviour of a group of people
Language
o A key component of ethnicity
o Link to the past and tool for maintaining culture
o Two official languages in Canada
o 80% of Canadians speak English or French as first language
o 98% of Canadians speak either English or French
Religion
o Key element of culture
o Canada has increasingly moved toward secularism, though it’s thought of as a Christian country
* Especially Quebec with its recent adoption of removing religious symbols from public places
o Canada has become religiously diverse
Multiculturalism
o The cornerstone of Canada’s social policy towards newcomers approach to equality and respect
o It emerged as a policy in 1971
o In 1988, the federal government passed the Canadian Multiculturalism Act
Key Cultural issues (3)
o Newcomers and Canadian Culture
o French/English Language Imbalance
o Cultural Damage and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Past Chief generators of wealth
- Agriculture
- Resource development
- Manufacturing
The Early Fur Trade
- Beginning in 1500s Native Americans, now known as the First Nations: begin trade with European fishermen along Atlantic coast
- French and English trappers and traders expand westward
What is a voyageur?
French-Canadian boatmen that transport pelts to trading posts
Two Canadian economies
Manufacturing
Resource Development
Canadian resource development
- Farming, mining - increasingly important
- Fishing, logging - decreasing importance
What % of Canadians work in manufacturing?
17%
Labour force % men/women
53% men
47% women
Major forces that determined workforce shift
o Settling of Western lands
o Mechanization of agriculture
o Automation
o Offshoring of manufacturing to developing countries
what is GDP?
(gross domestic product) represents the total dollar value of all goods and services produced over a year
Economic categories of Canadas provinces
- The core (Ontario and Quebec)
- Rapidly growing (British Columbia and Western Canada)
- Slow-growing (Atlantic Canada)
- Resource frontier (Territorial North)
