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CRJ 104 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Classical
-Criminology

A

-Rational Choice Theory

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2
Q

Positivist
-Criminology

A

-Biology
-Psychology
-Sociology

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3
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

-Pros and Cons of the choices
~Deterrence
-Everyone is a potential criminal
-Crime is a rational choice
-How do people decide?
~Risk and rewards
-Policy?
~Deterrence through sentencing (example?)
~Swift and certain punishment

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4
Q

Biology

A

-Cesare Lombroso
~Criminals are born that way “Criminogenic” traits
-Criminality is higher for identical twins
-Criminality related to biological parents vs. adoptive parents
-Public Policy Issues
~Selective sentencing/incarceration
~Forced Medication

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5
Q

Psychology

A

-Crime caused by mental processes and behavioral disorders
-Public Policy Issues?
~Test early
~Target kids who start showing signs
-Personality disorders?
~Treatment/Behavior modification
-Learned behaviors?
~Punishment

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6
Q

Personality Disorder

A

-Anti-social Personality Disorder
~Pyschopath
*No conscience, no remorse
~Sociopath
*Conscience but acts anyway, no remorse

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7
Q

Sociology

A

-Criminals are made, not born
-Social Structure Theory
~Blocks to success = strain = crime
*Perfect for gang theory
-Social Structure Theory Policy?
~Address poverty/ unemployment
~Increase education opportunities
~Urban redevelopment
~Family counseling/programs
-Control Theories
~Internal (self-esteem) and External (community, church, family, etc.)
*Early education programs/sports
*Volunteerism
*Membership
*Big Brother/Big Sister/ Mentor Programs
-Labeling Theories
~CJ System Labels = masters status (gangs)
*Juvenile Justice Model
*Restorative Justice
*Post-Release Programs
*Tattoo Removal
-Learning Theories
~Associating with criminals
*Youth Programs
*Big Brother/ Big Sister/ Mentors
*Education

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8
Q

Five Things about Corrections

A

-The Numbers
-Federal/State Prisons and Jails
-Administration
-State Corrections
-Solitary Confinements

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9
Q

The Numbers

A

-Nearly 7 million
~Under the correction system
*Jail/ Prison/ Probation/
-2.2 million behind bars
-4.7 million of probation/
-Approx. 1/2 are for the non-violent offenses
~70% are non-white
~93% are men
*Population has quadrupled since 1980
-Issues
~95% of prisoners get out
~68-70% recidivism rate
~The War on Drugs- 1980 to present
*Drug arrest every 18 seconds in the US
~Availability of Guns
~Mandatory Sentencing Policies
~US-Longer Sentences
~Politics
~Corrections Lobbyists
~Race

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10
Q

Federal Prisons

A

-Lack of federal criminal law until the early 1900s
~Mann Act 1910 (transporting women)
~Harrison Act of 1914 (narcotics)
~Motor Vehicle Theft Act 1919 (stolen cars)
*Federal Bureau of Prisons
-Graded System
~Maximum Security
*Dangerous Felons
~Medium Security
*Rehabilitative, Young
~Minimum Security
*Open Detention Camps

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11
Q

State Corrections

A

-Prisons
-Reformatories
-Farms
-Forestry Camps
-Halfway Houses

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12
Q

Solitary Confinements

A

-Segregation, Administrative Segregation
~60K+ in solitary in US pre-COVID
*Severe psychiatric and physical effects of isolation
**Short and long-term effects
~2019-28 states introduced legislation
*12 states passed laws to limit it
~2021-Nevada introduced legislation to limit # of days, reasons for imposing, and reports on its use

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13
Q

Prison Administration

A

-Federal System
-State System

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14
Q

Keeping Order
-Discipline

A

-Controlling Contraband
~Drugs/Paraphernalia
~Pronography
~Cell Phones
-Controlling Violence
*Smuggling, potato guns, footballs, remote-controlled helicopters
~Gang Violence
~Racial Violence
~Riots
~Rape

-Segregated Custody
-Withdraw Privileges
-Loss of “good time served”

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15
Q

Prisons for Profit

A

-Profit v. Safety
-Profit v. Programs
-States as hostages
-Lack of accountability

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16
Q

Reentry

A

-Discretionary Release
-Mandatory Release

-Major Problems
~Employment
~Substance Abuse
~Civil Disabilities

~Sex Offenders

-Expungement
~A wipe of all/most crimes
-Pardon
~US President/ State Governer

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17
Q

Norway

A

-Start with reentry on day 1
~”Dynamic security”
*50% of the staff are women
*20% recidivism

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18
Q

CJ Reform

A

-Law Enforcement Leaders to reduce crime and incarceration
~Front-End Reforms
*To keep people out of the system
*Sentencing Reform
**Drug laws
*Drug/Mental Health Courts
**Specialty Courts
*Community-Based Corrections
**Outside of traditional methods

~Corrections Reforms
*Drug Treatment
*Sex Offender Treatment
**Cannot be released on parole from admitting the crime and having remorse
*Pre-Release “Reach In” Programs
**Norway
**Realistic hope of getting out
*Parole Preferred
**Recidivism for parole is lower than someone who is not on parole
*Parole Revocations only from new crimes
*Phase out Private Prisons

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19
Q

Jail

A

-A facility that holds people who have been arrested for crimes and are awaiting trial, people who have been convicted of misdemeanors and are serving a sentence (up to a year), federal offenders and others

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20
Q

Prisons

A

-A state or federal facility housing long-term offenders, typically felons, for a period greater than one year

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21
Q

Mass Incarceration

A

-A term generally referring to what is perceived as the Intire States’s disproportionately high rates of imprisonment of young African American men; some believe it deters crime and incapacitated offenders, while others say that it weakens poor families and keeps them socially marginalized

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22
Q

Punishment only works when

A

-If they injure the offender’s “social standing by the punishment”
-If they make “the individual feel a danger of being excluded from the group”

23
Q

“Good Life”

A

-Avoid Recidivism
~Going back to jail or prison

24
Q

Classification (of inmates)

A

-An inmate security and treatment plan based on one’s security, social, vocational, psychological, and educational needs while incarcerated

25
Q

State Prisons

A

-A correctional facility that houses convicted felons

26
Q

Warden

A

-The chief administrator of a federal penitentiary or state prison

27
Q

Prison Industries

A

-Use of prison and jail inmates to produce goods and provide services for a public agency or private corporation

28
Q

Prison Types
-Minimus Security

A

-Low staff-to-inmate ratio and limited to no perimeter fencing

29
Q

Prison Types
-Low Security

A

-Double-fence parameters, mostly dormitory or cubicle housing, and strong work and program components

30
Q

Prison Types
-Medium Security

A

-Designated housing
-Strengthen parameters
~Double fencing and electronic detection systems

31
Q

Prison Types
-high Security

A

-Highly secured perimeters
~Walls or reinforced fences
-Multiple and single-occupant cell housing
-Higher staff-to-inmate ratio
-Close control of inmate movement

32
Q

Prison Types
-Administrative Security

A

-Houses typically inmates with serious or chronic medical problems, extremely dangerous, violent, or escape-prone inmates
~Think supermax prisons (Florence, Colorado)

33
Q

Supermax Prisons

A

-A penal institution that, for security purposes, affords inmates very few, if any, amenities and a great amount of isolation

34
Q

Privatization

A

-The operation of existing prison facilities, or the building and operation of new prisons, by for-profit companies

35
Q

New Generation/Direct Supervision Jails

A

-A jail that, by its architecture and design, eliminates many of the traditional features of a jail, allowing the staff members greater interaction and control

36
Q

Jail Treatment Programs

A

-Adult basic education
~Including computer and other desirable classes
~Alcoholics Anonymous
~Behavior Change Programs
~Consumer Education
~Criminal Justice System Programs
~Educational Enrichment
~English as a Second Language
~Faith-bases living skills
~General Education Development (GED)
~Health Education
~Mental and Physical health Programs
~Narcotics Anonymous
~Religious Involvement
~Substance Abuse Education

37
Q

“School-to-Prison Pipeline”

A

-The notice that certain policies and practices push schoolchildren, particularly those who are most at risk, out of the classroom and into the juvenile and adult criminal justice and prison systems

38
Q

Community Corrections

A

-Probation, parole, and a variety of other measures that offer convicted offenders an alternative(s) to incarceration

39
Q

Probation

A

-An alternative in incarceration in which the convict remains out of jail or prison and in the community and thus on the job, with family, and so on, while subject to conditions and supervision of the probation authority

40
Q

Alternatives to Incarceration

A

-A sentence imposed by a judge other than incarceration, such as probation, parole, shock probation, or house arrest
~It allows offenders to remain in the community, which has a greater rehabilitative effect than incarceration, thereby reducing recidivism (repeating offending)
~It allows the offender to take greater advantage of treatment or counseling options
~It allows the offender to avoid the “pains” of imprisonment
~It permits ongoing ties with family, employment, and other social networks

41
Q

Judges consider a number of factors when evaluating the eligibility of an offender for probation

A

-The nature and seriousness of the current offense
-Wheather a weapon was used and the degree of physical or emotional injury, if any, to the victim
-Whether the victim was an active or a passive participant in the crime
-The length and seriousness of the offender’s prior record
-The offender’s previous success or failure on probation
-The offender’s prior incarceration and success or failure on parole

42
Q

Technical Violation

A

-In probation and parole, when one violates certain conditions that must be obeyed to remain out of prison, such as violating curfew, using drugs or alcohol, or not maintaining a job

43
Q

Substantive violation

A

-An allegation that one was arrested for a new criminal offense while serving parole

44
Q

Considerations of Parole Violations

A

-The seriousness and nature of the probation violation
-The history of previous probation violations
-New criminal activity surrounding the probation violation
-Aggravating and mitigating circumstances of the probation violation
-The probation officer’s and/or probation department’s views of the probation violation
-The probation violation with respect to the probation term
~Wherher it occurred at the beginning, middle, or end of the probationary term

45
Q

Revocation

A

-The court’s revoking probation or parole status for the purpose of returning an offender to prison
~Usually for not following the conditions of probation or parole, or for committing a new offense

46
Q

Probation due process rights

A

-Notice of the alleged violation
-A preliminary hearing to determine probable cause
-The right to present evidence
-The right to confront an adverse witness
-A written report of the hearing
-A final revocation hearing

47
Q

Probation Officer
~Front end
*Before jail or prison

A

-One who supervises the activities of persons on probation

48
Q

Parole officer
~Back end
*After jail or prison

A

-One who supervises those who are on parole

49
Q

Caseload

A

-The number of cases awaiting disposition by a court, or the number of active cases or clients maintained by probation or parole officer

50
Q

Intermediate Sanctions

A

-Forms of punishment that are between freedom and prison, such as home confinement and day reporting

51
Q

Intensive Supervision Probation and Parole

A

-Post-release supervision that usually includes much closer and stricter supervision, more contact with offenders, more frequent drug tests, and other such measures

52
Q

House Arrest/ Home confinement

A

-Detention of offenders in their own homes; compliance is often monitored electronically

53
Q

Electronic Monitoring

A

-Use of electronic devices to emit signals when a convinced offender leaves the environment in which he or she is to remain

54
Q

Shock Probation/Parole

A

-A situation in which individuals are sentenced to jail or prison for a brief period to give them a taste or “shock” of incarceration and, it is hoped, turn them into more law-abiding citizens

CRJ 104 (4 decks)

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