Module 4 Flashcards
Lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
It is oriented by society’s norms
And it is a form of interaction which people acquire personality and learn the way of life
Socialization
What are the goals of socialization
- Teaches impulse control and develops a conscience
- Teaches individuals how to prepare and perform certain social roles
- Cultivates shared sources of meaning and value
What are the forms of Socialization?
- Enculturation (Inside culture)
- Acculturation (Outside culture)
Process by which people learn the requirements of their surroundings culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate in that culture
Enculturation
Cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture
Acculturation
What are the results of Socialization, Enculturation, and Acculturation
- Self and identity
- Status and Roles
- Norms and Values
Develops through social interactions where individuals learn to assume roles and meet the increasing level
The concept of self
Existential “I” means?
My being and my existence
Cultural “I” means?
My meaning-making and my values
Doing “Me” means?
My behavior and my activity
Performing “me” means?
My social roles and my public persona
The looking glass of self concept
According to Charles Horton Cooley, one’s self concept is derived from a “social mirror” in which we can observe how others react to us, thus engaging us in how to think and feel
Individuals gain identity by social affiliations
Several identities can be embraced but there is always one dominant identity
Identity Formation
Examples of Identity
- Cultural Identity
- National Identity
- Ethnic Identity
- Self-concept
- Religious identity
Any position that an individual can occupy in society, a label that implies that certain roles must be performed
Individual’s position in the society
Status
What are the two types of status?
- Ascribe status
- Achieved status
Given at birth or assigned later in life
ex. age, sex, ethnicity, membership in family etc.
Ascribe status
Acquired wilfully and consciously through effort and accomplishments
Achieved status
Person’s _____________ may help achieve or hinder one to acquire an ____________.
Ascribed status
Achieved status
Set of expectations from people who occupy a particular status
Role
Behavior of an individual within a social space accordance to his status
Role performance
Multiplicity of roles within a given status
Role set
Two or more statuses, both applicable to the situation require distinct and divergent roles from the individual
Role conflict
individual is having difficulty in performing the role required for him/her
Role strain
Discontinuation of a role
Role exit
Culturally determined rules that guide people what is right and wrong
Fundamental to the establishment of social order in the society
Norms
What are the types of norms?
- Taboos
- Laws
Behaviors that are absolutely forbidden in the specific culture
Taboos
Rules and regulations that are implemented by the state
Laws
Judgement regarding behaviors and decisions
Created and shaped by the community through time
Values
Act of following the roles and goals of one’s society
Conformity
Act of violating the prescribed social norms
Deviance
Strong sense of disapproval on nonconforming behavior from the members of the society
Stigma
What are the theories of Deviance?
- Social control theory
- Rational choice theory
- Differential association theory
- Labeling theory
- Conflict theory
- Structural-functionalist theory
- Strain theory
Deviance is caused by lack in stronger social bonds within a society; he is less affected in the society
Social control theory
Deviance of an individual depends on the cost and benefit he/she may get from such action
Rational choice theory
Deviance is learned until they are labeled as such by members of the community
Labeling theory
Society composes of opposing groups of people, a set of behaviors of the elite are norms and those of the powerless are deviant
Conflict theory
On the macro level, deviance is caused by breakdown which produces anomie
On the micro level, deviance is caused by role strain due to lac of resources
Structural-functionalist theory
Deviant behavior occurs due to imbalance of society’s cultural goals
Strain theory
Means to prevent deviance and to ensure that norms are safeguarded and order preserved
Social control
What are the elements of social control?
- Internalization
- Sanctions
Individual is made to automatically conform to the dictates of his/her society through a cost/benefit orientation
Internalization
Rewards or punishments
Sanctions
Rewards/forms of punishment that are formally awarded by an institution (i.e. government, council, school, etc)
Formal
Rewards/forms of punishment that are spontaneously given
Informal
Sanctions that rewards a particular behavior, which reinforces its repitition
Positive
Sanctions that punishes a particular behavior
Negative
