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YEAR 3 MED 2.0 > MODULE 3C - OPHTHAL > Flashcards

MODULE 3C - OPHTHAL Flashcards

1
Q

Pupillary light reflex and accommodation reflex - Dr Matt and Dr Mike VIDEO

A

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9pwDAcb-U0

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2
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3
Q

Visual field defects and optic nerve pathway VIDEO

A

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZbFBlwWm3Q

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4
Q

Describe how light entering the eye ends up as electrical signals travelling along the optic nerve

A
  1. Photoreceptors (rods and cones) in the retina are stimulated by photons of light entering the eye
  2. Light-sensitive surface membrane proteins (eg. rhodopsin) of these cells are stimulated to propagate second messenger responses which convert light energy into electrical signals
  3. The photoreceptors synapse with retinal bipolar cells, which in turn transmit these signals to retinal ganglion cells
  4. The retinal ganglion cells converge at the optic disc, forming the optic nerve
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5
Q

Describe the pathway of signals from the optic nerve exiting the eye to the lateral geniculate nucleus

A
  1. The optic nerve exits the eye, travelling through a defect in the lamina cribrosa of the sclera
  2. The optic nerve travels through the bony orbit and enters the middle cranial fossa through the optic canal
  3. Once inside the skull, the optic nerve travels along the floor of the middle cranial fossa, through the medial aspect of the cavernous sinus –> left and right optic nerves then converge at the optic chiasm
    (The optic chiasm is located directly above the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, the pituitary gland projects down immediately behind the chiasm)
  4. The optic tracts extend from the chiasm to the thalamus. Here, afferent sensory nerves from the eye synapse with the second-order sensory neurones at the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
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6
Q

Describe the pathway of signals from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the occipital visual centre and how we make sense of this information

  • include the structure responsible for retinal image processing
A
  1. From the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus, the sensory nerves form optic radiations, which loop through the parietal lobe or thought the temporal lobe (Meyer’s loop)
    (radiations travelling through the parietal lobe correspond to the upper half of the retina/lower visual field, while the radiations travelling through Meyer’s loop in the temporal lobe correspond to the bottom half of the retina/upper visual field)
  2. The optic radiations terminate in the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe, where the cortical visual centre is situated and images from both eyes are finally collated and a final image is formed
    (calcarine sulcus is responsible for retinal image processing)
  3. This image is inverted - as a consequence of this, the brain has to re-invert the image so that information is correctly oriented in space
  4. From the occipital visual centre, signals are sent to the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes to further make sense of the input information (e.g. reading/facial recognition)
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7
Q

What blood vessel supplies the optic nerve?

A

Ophthalmic artery

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8
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9
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10
Q

Basic eye anatomy VIDEO

What makes up:
- outer coat (protective)
- middle coat (vascular/nutritive)
- inner coat (retina)

  • what fluid is in the posterior chamber and what fluid is in the anterior chamber?
A
  • Outer coat (protective): sclera + cornea
  • Middle coat (vascular/nutritive): choroid layer + ciliary body + iris
  • Inner coat (retina): pigment layer + neural layer (contains photoreceptors)
  • posterior chamber - vitreous humour
  • anterior chamber - aqueous humour

(video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-kVWke0CD0 )

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11
Q

The retina - basic anatomy VIDEO

  • function of rods and cones
  • what does the fovea contain
A
  • Rods: allow us to see in dim light
  • Cones: allow us to see colour
  • Mostly rods apart from in the fovea, where there are no rods, but lots of cones

(video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZDAwXh54is )

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12
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13
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14
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15
Q

Nerve supply of extraocular muscles

A

All supplied by CN III (oculomotor nerve), except…

  • SO 4
  • LR 6
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16
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17
Q

Why there is an increased optic cup to disc ratio in glaucoma?

A
  • In glaucoma, there is a smaller neuroretinal rim, therefore the ratio oft he cup to disc is bigger
  • neuroretinal rim represents the tissue of the optic nerve head where nerve fibres enter the eye (in glaucoma there is damage to these fibres)
18
Q

What is one of the main reasons to perform cataract surgery in diabetic patients to help with monitoring of the diabetes?

A

to be able to see the retina on fundoscopy more clearly, to observe for diabetic retinopathy changes
- cataracts obscure fundoscopy view

19
Q

Why is glaucoma symptoms worse in low night (evening/night)?

A

Due to dilation of the pupils, which further reduces the iridocorneal angle –> worsening symptoms

YEAR 3 MED 2.0 (14 decks)

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