Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ASC111 > Module 3.1- Afferent System > Flashcards

Module 3.1- Afferent System Flashcards

Discuss the receptors and processes involved in olfaction, gustation and vision. Describe the parts of the ear and their roles in the process of hearing. Identify the parts of the eye and their functions. Discuss how the central nervous system processes information related to all of the senses

1
Q

What are afferent nerves?

A

Nerves that relay information from periphery nervous system to the central nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is another name for the afferent nerves?

A

Sensory nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are efferent nerves?

A

Nerves that send information from the Central nervous system to the peripheral effector cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is another name for efferent nerves?

A

Motor nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two components of the efferent nervous system?

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Fibres of motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles and regulate its contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Innervates and regulates non-motor organs such as smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, blood vessels and other internal organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is exteroception?

A

Means by which the nervous system receives information about the external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is interoception?

A

Means by which the nervous system receives information about the internal environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is propeioception?

A

Means by which nervous system receives information about the position and movement of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does the body subconsciously use sensory information, without the participation of the conscious parts of the brain?

A

To generate reflex actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is all sensory information used in conscious perception?

A

Not all, but most.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is sensory information directed for conscious perception?

A

The cerebral cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is sensation?

A

Conscious perception of sensory stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can one figure out what an animal sees/feels/hears/smells?

A

Impossible to know exactly but inferences can be made by observing the animals reaction to selected stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are receptors capable of detecting both internal and external environments?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What kinds of stimuli can receptors respond to?

A

Sound waves, Light waves, Pressure, Temperature, Chemicals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are sensors found?

A

Scattered throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Specialised neuronal structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do sensory receptors do?

A

Convert detected stimuli into electrical energy for transduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sensory neurons may be specialised how?

A

Ending of an afferent neuron (eg pain receptors).
Separate cells (retina photoreceptors).
Closely associated with ending or a peripheral neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What organs are sensory receptors found in?

A

Sense organs

23
Q

Are sensory receptors specialised to receive one or more stimuli?

A

Only one stimuli, eg photoreceptors interpret light waves

24
Q

Do receptors interpret stimuli?

A

No, They are transducers that receive stimuli and generate nerve impulses

25
Q

How do receptors receive stimuli?

A

They have a low threshold to respond to one particular stimulus, they receive that stimuli acting as a transducer and generate a nerve impulse for the brain to interpret.

26
Q

What organ/s interpret stimuli?

A

The brain

27
Q

Can the whole brain interpret stimuli?

A

Only specific regions of the brain can process information from specific receptors.

28
Q

What does the brain interpret the nerve impulsed generated by sensory receptors into?

A

Sensation/s

29
Q

What does a Mechanoreceptor respond to?

A

Physical deformation

30
Q

What does a Thermoreceptor respond to?

A

Both heat and cold (temperature)

31
Q

What does a Nociceptor respond to?

A

Stimuli potentially injurious to tissue (noxious stimuli)

32
Q

What do Photoreceptors respond to?

A

Light waves.

33
Q

What do Chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Chemical changes associated with:
taste (chemicals dissolved in saliva)
Smell (chemicals dissolved in mucus)
Pain (chemicals in ECF)
Blood O2 (O2 dissolved in plasma)
Blood PH and CO2 (Free H ions and CO2 in plasma)
Satiety (Chemical content of digestive tract)
Thirst (osmotic concentration of key fluid molecules)

34
Q

What does somatosensation encompass?

A

Pain, stoicism, proprioception

35
Q

Describe somatosensation of pain

A

It’s the conscious perception of noxious stimuli (one capable of producing tissue damage). It can be thermal, chemical or mechanical stimuli. The ability of the stimulus to produce the sensation of pain is a highly mutable property that can be modified in the periphery, spinal cord and brainstem.

36
Q

Describe somatosensation of stoicism

A

Apparent indifference to pain. It’s largely determined by personality and training e.g. Highly strung animals often exhibit exaggerated reactions to stimuli

37
Q

Describe somatosensation of proprioception

A

Non-visual perception of body position. Complex sensation made up of responses of a variety of specialised receptors (Joint receptors, muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs and skin mechanoreceptors)

38
Q

What do joint receptors do?

A

Receive information on tension and pressure within joints

39
Q

What do muscle spindles do?

A

Signal changes in muscle length

40
Q

What do golgi tendon organs do?

A

Signal tension in tendons

41
Q

What do skin mechanoreceptors do?

A

Report contact between the skin and surrounding environment

42
Q

What are visceral sensations?

A

Involve structures within body cavities. Most information interpreted by visceral afferent system not interpreted consciously but is used in directing autonomic activity in viscera.

43
Q

What receptors are found in the viscera?

A

Mechanoreceptos and chemoreceptors

44
Q

What stimuli is the viscera especially sensitive to?

A

Crushing, cutting and thermal injury.

Also responds vigerously to stretch, dilation, tension and ischaemia (decreased blood flow)

45
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Occurs when noxious stimuli found in the viscera is perceived as originating from the somatic region (body wall or skin)

46
Q

What is a common example of referred pain in humans?

A

Ischaemia (reduced blood flow) of the heart muscle is usually perceived as radiating across left shoulder and down left arm

47
Q

What is a common example of referred pain in animals?

A

Hardware disease; Cattle may exhibit a high degree of sensitivity around the sternum, with traumatic gastritis caused by a wire or nail perforating the wall of the forestomach

48
Q

What are two types of senses that detect chemicals from the external environment to interpret them as sensations?

A

Gustation (taste) and Olfaction (smell)

49
Q

Which animals have chemoreceptors?

A

Most, it is thought to be the most primitive sense.

50
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found in crustacea?

A

On antennae and appendages

51
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found in insects (eg houseflies)?

A

Gustation (taste) sensors found on feet

52
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found in amphibians?

A

In the mouth and all over skin

53
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found in mammals?

A

Gustation (taste) receptors in mouth, Olfactory (smell) receptors in nose

ASC111 (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions