Module 31

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 2

Recall

Answer 2

A measure of memory; where one must retrieve information learned earlier (ex. as on a fill-in-the-blank test)

Question 3

Recognition

Answer 3

A measure of memory; where one identifies items previously learned (ex. as on a multiple-choice test)

Question 4

Relearning

Answer 4

A measure of memory; assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Question 5

Encoding

Answer 5

getting information into the memory system (ex. extracting meaning)

Question 6

Storage

Answer 6

process of retaining encoded information over time

Question 7

Retrieval

Answer 7

process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 8

Parallel processing

Answer 8

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode for processing information

Question 9

Sensory Memory

Answer 9

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 10

Short-term memory

Answer 10

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten (ex. digits of a phone number while calling)

Question 11

Long-term memory

Answer 11

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Question 12

Working memory

Answer 12

a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious processing of incoming information, and information retrieved from long-term memory.

Question 13

Explicit Memory

Answer 13

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory.)

Question 14

Implicit memory

Answer 14

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (aka nondeclarative memory)

Question 15

Effortful processing

Answer 15

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 16

Automatic processing -

Answer 16

unconscious encoding of incidental information (ex. space, time, and frequency,) and of well-learned information (ex. word meanings)

Question 17

Iconic memory

Answer 17

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Question 18

Echoic memory

Answer 18

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Question 20

Mnemonics

Answer 20

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Question 21

Spacing effect

Answer 21

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 22

Testing effect

Answer 22

enhanced memory after retrieving information, rather than rereading (also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning)

Question 23

Shallow processing

Answer 23

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.

Question 24

Deep processing

Answer 24

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.