Module 31 Flashcards
memory
Memory
persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Recall
A measure of memory; where one must retrieve information learned earlier (ex. as on a fill-in-the-blank test)
Recognition
A measure of memory; where one identifies items previously learned (ex. as on a multiple-choice test)
Relearning
A measure of memory; assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
Encoding
getting information into the memory system (ex. extracting meaning)
Storage
process of retaining encoded information over time
Retrieval
process of getting information out of memory storage
Parallel processing
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode for processing information
Sensory Memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten (ex. digits of a phone number while calling)
Long-term memory
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious processing of incoming information, and information retrieved from long-term memory.
Explicit Memory
retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory.)
Implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (aka nondeclarative memory)
Effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Automatic processing -
unconscious encoding of incidental information (ex. space, time, and frequency,) and of well-learned information (ex. word meanings)
Iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
Echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention is achieved through massed study or practice.
Testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving information, rather than rereading (also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning)
Shallow processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.
Deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.
