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cogpsych > MODULE 3 UNIT 1: VISUAL PERCEPTION > Flashcards

MODULE 3 UNIT 1: VISUAL PERCEPTION Flashcards

1
Q

The set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli

A

Perception

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2
Q

Object in the external world

A

Distal object

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3
Q

When information is absorbed by the sensory receptor (e.g., cells in the retina absorb light waves)

A

Proximal stimulation

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4
Q

Event/pattern; stimulus (e.g., light waves) that comes into contact with the appropriate sensory receptor

A

Informational medium

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5
Q

Event/pattern; stimulus (e.g., light waves) that comes into contact with the appropriate sensory receptor

A

Informational medium

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6
Q

_________ occurs when sensory receptors DETECT SENSORY STIMULI, while _________ involves the ORGANIZATION, INTERPRETATION, and CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE of an individual’s sensations.

A

Sensation; Perception

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7
Q

Is the statement below an example of sensation or perception?

Light enters your eyes and stimulates the photoreceptors (rods and cones) in your retina.

A

Sensation

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8
Q

Is the statement below an example of sensation or perception?

Pressure and temperature receptors in your skin are stimulated when you touch a cold metal surface.

A

Sensation

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9
Q

Is the statement below an example of sensation or perception?

You try to identify if the taste is sweet, salty, bitter, sour, or umami, and you recognize that you are eating chocolate cake.

A

Perception

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10
Q

Is the statement below an example of sensation or perception?

You recognize the sound as music, distinguish between different instruments, and remember the melody of your favorite song.

A

Perception

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11
Q

Focuses on the qualities of stimulation.

A

Sensation

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12
Q

Focuses on identity and form, pattern, and movement.

A

Perception

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13
Q

Occurs as information to be gathered is used to serve further goals.

A

Cognition

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14
Q

Identify if the question below reflects sensation, perception, or cognition.

Is the scent of this flower stronger than the scent of the candle?

A

Sensation

Explanation: The question focuses on the olfactory intensity of different scents.

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15
Q

Identify if the question below reflects sensation, perception, or cognition.

Is the vibration of this phone stronger than the vibration of your previous phone?

A

Sensation

Explanation: The question compares the intensity of tactile vibrations from different devices.

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16
Q

Identify if the question below reflects sensation, perception, or cognition.

Is that person in the photograph your friend from school?

A

Perception

Explanation: The question involves recognizing and identifying a familiar face.

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17
Q

Identify if the question below reflects sensation, perception, or cognition.

Can you identify the melody being played on the piano?

A

Perception

Explanation: The question involves recognizing a sequence of musical notes as a familiar melody.

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18
Q

Identify if the question below reflects sensation, perception, or cognition.

Is the person walking towards us or away from us?

A

Perception

Explanation: The question asks about the direction of the person’s movement.

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19
Q

Identify if the question below reflects sensation, perception, or cognition.

Is this information reliable for writing my research paper?

A

Cognition

Explanation: This question involves evaluating the credibility of sources to ensure accurate and trustworthy content. (Since cognition happens when the information being processed is used to SERVE FURTHER GOALS, this question reflects cognition as the goal is to evaluate the credibility of sources.)

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20
Q

Identify if the question below reflects sensation, perception, or cognition.

Is this the right key for this lock?

A

Cognition

Explanation: The question requires matching the physical characteristics of the key to the lock to achieve the goal of unlocking something.

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21
Q

Refers to the way our senses
adjust to different stimuli.

A

Sensory adaptation

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22
Q

The psychological phenomenon that explains why we never can experience through vision, hearing, taste, smell, or touch exactly the same set of stimulus properties we have experienced before.

A

Sensory adaptation

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23
Q

A German word which means ‘complete field’ and refers to an
unstructured visual field.

A

Ganzfeld

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24
Q

The psychological phenomenon that explains the situation presented below:

Staring at a completely white computer screen or projection screen for an extended period can cause the eyes to adapt, leading to a loss of visual details and a perception of a gray or white field.

A

Ganzfeld Effect

Explanation: The Ganzfeld effect refers to the phenomenon where prolonged exposure to a uniform, unstructured visual field leads to a cessation of perception and the experience of a gray field.

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25
Q

The path the visual information takes from it entering the human perceptual system through the eyes to it being completely processed.

A

Pathway

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26
Q

Research shows that the _______________ has separate neural pathways for processing different aspects of the same stimuli.

A

Cerebral cortex

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27
Q

Dorsal pathway: _________ lobe; Ventral pathway: __________ lobe

A

Parietal; Temporal

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28
Q

What are the two visual pathways?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

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29
Q

Also called the WHERE PATHWAY and is responsible for processing location and motion information.

A

Dorsal pathway

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30
Q

Also called the WHAT PATHWAY
because it is mainly responsible for processing the color, shape, and identity of visual stimuli

A

Ventral Pathway

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31
Q

Identify which visual pathway is responsible in processing the information given below:

Catching a ball

A

Dorsal Pathway

Explanation: When you see a ball flying through the air and reach out to catch it, the dorsal pathway helps you track the ball’s motion and position your hand in the right place to make the catch.

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32
Q

Identify which visual pathway is responsible in processing the information given below:

Recognizing animals

A

Ventral Pathway

Explanation: When you see a dog running in the park and identify it as a specific breed, the ventral pathway processes the visual details like the dog’s shape, size, and markings.

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33
Q

The hypothesis which argues that two pathways refer not to what things are and to where they are, but rather, to what they are and to how they function. In addition, this hypothesis also argues that spatial information about where something is located in space is always present in visual information processing.

A

What/How Hypothesis

34
Q

This pathway is located in the dorsal stream and controls movements in relation to the objects that have been identified through the “what” pathway.

A

How Pathway

35
Q

This best supports the What/How Hypothesis.

A

Processing deficits

Explanation: There are deficits that impair people’s ability to recognize what they see, and there are distinct deficits that impair people’s ability to reach for what they see (how).

36
Q

A data-driven approach to perception which states that perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye.

A

Bottom-up Theories

37
Q

The four main bottom-up theories of form and pattern perception

A
  1. Direct perception
  2. Template theories
  3. Feature theories
  4. Recognition-by components theory
38
Q

A bottom-up theory which states that the information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.

A

Gibson’s Theory of Direct Perception

39
Q

A concept under Gibson’s Theory of Direct Perception, which states that the environment supplies us with all the information we need for perception: we do not need higher cognitive processes or anything else to mediate between our sensory experiences and our perceptions.

A

Ecological perception

40
Q

The theory at play in interpersonal situations when we try to make sense of others’ emotions and intentions (i.e. recognize emotion in faces).

A

Gibson’s Theory of Direct Perception

41
Q

A type of bottom-up theory which suggests that we have stored in our minds myriad sets of templates.

A

Template Theory

42
Q

These are highly-detailed models for patterns we might potentially recognize. We compare the pattern stimulus to these models in memory until a match is found.

A

Templates

43
Q

A chunk-based theory that suggests that expertise is attained by acquiring chunks of knowledge in long-term memory that can later be accessed for fast recognition.

A

Template Theory

44
Q

The disadvantage with template theory

A

For template matching, ONLY AN EXACT MATCH WILL DO, and therefore poses a problem to imperfect matches.

45
Q

A type of bottom-up theory which suggests that we attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype.

A

Feature-Matching Theories

46
Q

A type of feature-matching theory which states that metaphorical “demons” with specific duties receive and analyze the features of a stimulus.

A

Pandemonium Model

47
Q

Process of the Pandemonium Model

A
  1. Image demons: They receive the retinal image and transmit it to “feature demons”.
  2. Feature demons: These demons detect matches between the stimulus and specific features. Matches are then communicated to the next level, the cognitive demons.
  3. Cognitive demons: They identify patterns stored in memory that match the features noticed by the feature demons.
  4. Decision demon: Listens to the cognitive demons and makes a decision based on which cognitive demon is shouting the most frequently, indicating the strongest match with stored patterns.
48
Q

Small-scale or detailed aspects of a given pattern

A

Local Features

49
Q

Features that give a form to the overall shape of a given pattern

A

Global Features

50
Q

In this theory, when participants were required to identify stimuli at the global level, whether the local features matched the global one did not matter.

A

Global Precedence Effect

51
Q

In this theory, when identifying the “small” local letters, the response is quicker if global features agreed with the local ones.

A

Global Precedence Effect

52
Q

In this theory, it is more challenging to identify local (small) Ss combining to form a global (big) H instead of identifying local (small) Hs combining to form a global (big) H.

A

Global Precedence Effect

53
Q

In this theory, when letters are more widely spaced, participants more quickly identify the local features of the individual letters than the global ones, and the local features interfere with the global recognition in cases of contradictory stimuli.

A

Local Precedence Effect

54
Q

In this theory, when the letters are close together at the local level, people have problems identifying the local stimuli (small letters) if they are inconsistent with the global stimulus (big letter).

A

Local Precedence Effect

55
Q

A type of bottom-up theory which explains our ability to perceive 3-D objects with the help of simple geometric shapes called geons (for geometrical ions)

A

Recognition-by-Components (RBC) Theory

56
Q

A type of bottom-up theory which explains why we quickly recognize objects by observing their edges and then decomposing the objects into geons, which can also be recomposed into alternative arrangements.

A

Recognition-by-Components (RBC) Theory

57
Q

An approach to perception, which states that perception is driven by high-level cognitive processes, existing knowledge, and the prior expectations that influence perception.

A

Top-down Theory

58
Q

These theories work their way down to considering the sensory data, such as
the perceptual stimulus, as the perceiver builds (constructs) a cognitive understanding (perception) of a stimulus

A

Top-down Theory

59
Q

In this approach to perception, concepts of the perceiver and his or her cognitive processes influence what he or she sees.

A

Top-down Theory

60
Q

Higher-order thinking plays an important role in
perception

A

Intelligent Perception

61
Q

Three things where percepts (object of perception) are based.

A
  1. What we sense (the sensory data)
  2. What we know (knowledge stored in memory)
  3. What we can infer (using high-level cognitive processes).
62
Q

A concept supported by top-down processing, which influences of the surrounding environment on perception. This also helps us to be able to recognize letters in many different fonts.

A

Context Effects

63
Q

A concept supported by top-down processing, where objects presented in certain configurations are easier to recognize than the objects presented in isolation, even if the objects in the configurations are more complex than those in isolation.

A

Configural-superiority Effect

64
Q

A concept supported by top-down processing, where a target line that forms a part of a drawing of a 3-D object is identified more accurately than a target that forms a part of a disconnected 2- D pattern.

A

Object Superiority Effect

65
Q

A concept supported by top-down processing, which indicates that when people are presented with strings of letters, it is easier for them to identify a single letter if the string makes sense and forms a word instead of being just a nonsense sequel of letters.

A

Word Superiority Effect

66
Q

A disadvantage of top-down position

A

Extreme top-down position would drastically underestimate the importance of sensory data

67
Q

A disadvantage of bottom-up position

A

An extreme bottom-up position would not allow for any influence of past experience or knowledge on perception

68
Q

Three basic orientations in perceiving objects and forms

A
  1. Viewer-centered representation
  2. Object-centered representation
  3. Landmark-centered representation
69
Q

An orientation in perceiving objects and forms, where the individual stores the way the object looks to him or her: what matters is the object’s appearance to the viewer.

A

Viewer-centered representation

70
Q

An orientation in perceiving objects and forms, where an individual stores a representation of the object, independent of its appearance to the viewer.

A

Object-centered representation

71
Q

An orientation in perceiving objects and forms, where information is characterized by its relation to a well-known or prominent item

A

Landmark-centered representation

72
Q

A system for recognizing patterns, where individuals recognize parts of objects and assemble these parts into wholes.

A

Feature Analysis System

73
Q

A system for recognizing patterns, where individuals recognize larger configurations.

A

Configurational System

74
Q

True or False

People have more trouble recognizing parts of faces than whole faces.

A

True

75
Q

This brain area responds intensely when we look at faces but not when we look at other objects.

A

Fusiform gyrus

76
Q

According to this theory, the fusiform gyrus is activated when one examines items with which one has visual expertise.

A

Expert individuation hypothesis

77
Q

Inability to recognize and identify objects or people

A

Agnosia

78
Q

Inability to recognize faces, including one’s own

A

Prosopagnosia

79
Q

Normal visual fields, yet act blindly; perceives only one stimulus at a time—single word or object

A

Simultagnosia

80
Q

An impairment in the ability to use the visual system to guide movement; cannot use vision to guide movement and therefore experience difficulty in reaching for items.

A

Optic ataxia

cogpsych (3 decks)

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