Module 3: Topic 2: Inflammation Flashcards
What is the inflammatory process?
The inflammatory response, our body’s second line of
defense against invading microorganisms, is nonspecific, is
rapidly initiated, and has no memory cells.
List three plasma protein biochemical barriers
Complement System
Clotting System
Kinin System
Name two antimicrobial peptides produced by epithelial cells:
Cathelicins
Defensins
Name three pathways that complement system can be activated
Classical Pathway
Alternate Pathway
Lectin Pathway
What does activation of the complement pathway do?
Opsonization
Anaphylatoxin Activation
Cell Lysis
Leukocyte Chemotaxis
Anaphylatoxin Activation
Anaphylatoxins, or complement peptides, are fragments (C3a, C4a and C5a) that are produced as part of the activation of the complement system.[2] Complement components C3, C4 and C5 are large glycoproteins that have important functions in the immune response and host defense.[3] They have a wide variety of biological activities and are proteolytically activated by cleavage at a specific site, forming a- and b-fragments.[4] A-fragments form distinct structural domains of approximately 76 amino acids, coded for by a single exon within the complement protein gene. The C3a, C4a and C5a components are referred to as anaphylatoxins:[4][5] they cause smooth muscle contraction, histamine release from mast cells, and enhanced vascular permeability.
What does activation of clotting cascade produce?
- Prevents spread of microorganisms
- Contains microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of greatest inflammatory cell activity, and
- Provides a framework for repair and healing.
What plasma composites interact to activate the coagulation cascde?
Plasmin and Hageman factor (Factor XII)
Know these cells
Many different types of cells are involved in the inflammatory process including mast cells, granulocytes(neutrophils,
eosinophils, basophils), monocytes/macrophages, NK cells
and lymphocytes, and cellular fragments (platelets).
When is the inflammatory system activated?
The inflammatory response is initiated upon tissue injury
or when PAMPs are recognized by PRRs on cells of the
innate immune system.
What do mast cells release?
Mast cells are central cells of inflammation and release histamine, chemotactic factors, cytokines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, growth factors, and other mediators.
What do platelets do?
Platelets interact with the coagulation cascade to stop
bleeding and release a number of mediators that promote
and control inflammation.
What do neutrophils do?
Neutrophils are the predominant phagocyte of early inflammation. They are attracted to the inflammatory site by chemotactic factors.
What do Eosinophils do?
Eosinophils help control mast cell vascular mediators and
defend against parasite infection.
What do Basophils do?
Eosinophils help control mast cell vascular mediators and
defend against parasite infection.
What do monocytes/macrophages do?
The monocyte/macrophage is the predominant phagocyte
in the late inflammatory response, is highly phagocytic, is
responsive to cytokines, and promotes wound healing.
Monocytes and macrophages arrive at the inflammatory
site later than neutrophils and remain longer to clean up
debris and promote wound healing.
List stages of phagocytosis:
The stages of phagocytosis include recognition and adherence, engulfment, lysosomal fusion, and destruction.
Local signs of inflammation:
Local manifestations of inflammation are the result of the
vascular changes associated with the inflammatory process,
including vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
The symptoms include redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
What are the functions of the vascular changes during inflammation?
The functions of the vascular changes are to dilute toxins,
carry plasma proteins and leukocytes to the injury site, and
carry bacterial toxins and debris away from the site.
What are the three primary signs of systemic inflammation?
The three primary systemic effects of inflammation are
fever, leukocytosis, and increase in levels of circulating
plasma proteins.
McCance, Kathryn L.; Huether, Sue E. (2015-06-08). Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children (Pathophysiology the Biologic Basis) (Page 222). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.
Discuss chronic inflammation:
Chronic inflammation can be a continuation of acute inflammation that lasts 2 weeks or longer. It also can occur as a distinct process without much preceding acute inflammation.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by a dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. The body may wall
off and isolate the infection to protect against tissue damage
by formation of a granuloma.
Fever
Induced by mediator released from neutrophils and macrophages, acts on the hypothalamus.
Other fever details from PP:
Evolutionary conservation
Endogenous pyrogens (IL-1, RNF, INFa, IL-6)
Hypothalamus, raise set point via prostaglandins, peripheral vasoconstriction, shivering, intermediary metabolism.
Phagocytosis (info from PP)
When phagocyte ingests the antigen & dies the cell wall deteriorates and the enzymes are released into tissue
Alpha-1 , a plasma protein produced by the liver inhibits much of this damage
A deficiency of this plasma protein causes a specific type of emphysema
All cellular components play a role
- PMN (polymorphonuclear luekocyte) & macrophage are most important
- PMNs are first on the scene
- Macrophage is large
Matures in tissue
T cell facilitates maturation
Associated with Chronic vs Acute illness
• Bacteria can survive inside (TB, Salmonella)
Acute inflammation sequence of events
(pictograph)
Acute inflammatory response
(pictograph)
Inflammatory phases
Plasma Kinin Cascade
Principal inflammation mediators
Mast Cell Degranulation Effects
