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Biol 102 > Module 3: The Body Systems > Flashcards

Module 3: The Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Body fluid function?

A
  • The body fluids supply tissues with energy, O2, & nutrients including water.
  • The fluids circulate to pick up supplies & deliver wastes to points of disposal.
  • Provides oxygen & nutrients for cells.
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2
Q

What are the body’s circulating fluids? Where do they travel?

A

-Lymph & blood

  • Blood travels through the veins, arteries, & capillaries.
  • Lymph travels around the body through separate vessels, & eventually returns to bloodstream.
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3
Q

How does the heart ?

A

-The pumping heartbeats push fresh oxygenated blood from lungs to all body tissues.

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4
Q

What role do the liver & kidney’s play in the cardiovascular system?

A

-The blood leaving the digestive tract is routed to the liver, which chemically alters absorbed materials to make the better suited for use by other tissues; kidneys then clean the blood of wastes.

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5
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

-Blood carries nutrients from intestine to liver, which releases them to heart, which pumps them to waiting body tissue.

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6
Q

How does ample fluid intake effect the circulation of fluids in the body?

A

-Ample fluid intake ensures efficient circulation of fluids to the cells.

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7
Q

Is the blood sensitive to malnutrition?

A
  • Yes

- Serves as an indicator of disorder caused by dietary deficiencies or imbalances of vitamins or minerals.

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8
Q

What does blood carry in addition to oxygen & wastes?

A
  • Chemical messengers: Hormones- Communicate changing conditions.
  • Each hormone acts as a messenger that stimulates various organs to take appropriate actions.
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9
Q

What are the functions of glands?

A
  • Glands secrete & release hormones directly into the blood.
  • Each gland monitors a condition & produces 1 or more hormones to regulate it.
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10
Q

Does nutrition affect the hormonal system? Do hormones effect nutrition?

A
  • Yes
  • Fasting, feeding, & exercise alter hormonal balances.
  • Yes
  • Hormones regulate hunger & effect appetite.
  • They also regulate the mensural cycle
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11
Q

How do hormones effect appetite & regulate hunger?

A

-Hormones carry messages to regulate the digestive system, telling digestive organs what kinds of foods have been eaten & how much of each digestive juice to secrete in response.

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12
Q

Hormones & stress:

A

-Hormones regulate the body’s reaction to stress, suppressing hunger & digestion & absorption of nutrients.

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13
Q

Explain the nervous system:

A
  • CNS-Brain & spinal cord
  • Receives & integrates info. from sensory receptors-sight, hearing, touch, smell-which communicate to brain the state of the outer & inner worlds.
  • Sends instructions to muscles, telling them what to do.
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14
Q

Explain the fight-of-flight reaction:

A
  • Stress response:
  • When danger is detected, nerves release neurotransmitters, & glands supply epinephrine & norepinephrine. Every organ of the body responds. Pupils dilate, muscles tense, breathing & HR increases, liver pours forth glucose from its stores, fat cells release fat, & digestive system shuts down.
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15
Q

What are the 2 types of white blood cells?

A

-Phagocytes & lymphocytes ( T cells, & B cells)

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16
Q

What are phagocytes? What are their functions?

A
  • WBC
  • First to defend body tissue against invaders
  • When a phagocyte recognizes a foreign particle, such as bacterium, it attacks it with oxidative chemicals or digests/destroys it.
17
Q

What are killer T cells? What are helper T cells?

A
  • WBC
  • Read & remember identity of invaders, & destroy all foreign particles with the same identity.
  • Defend against fungi, viruses, parasites, some bacteria & some cancer cells.
  • Helper T cells do not attack invaders, but help other immune cells do so.
18
Q

What are B cells?

A
  • WBC
  • Respond rapidly to infection by dividing & releasing invader-fighting proteins, antibodies, into bloodstream.
  • Retain chemical memory of each invader.
19
Q

What roles do taste buds play?

A
  • Your tastes buds guide you in judging whether foods are acceptable.
  • They detect sweet, sour, bitter, salty, & umami (savoury).
  • Aroma, temp, & texture can also affect a food’s flavour.
20
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

-To digest food to it’s components then to absorb the nutrients & some non nutrient, leaving behind the substances, such as fibre, that are appropriate to excrete.

21
Q

What are the 2 levels of digestion?

A

-Mechanical digestion & chemical digestion

22
Q

What are the mechanical aspects of digestion?

A

-The digestive system moves food through its various processing chambers by mechanical means. The mechanical actions include chewing, & mixing by the stomach, adding fluid & moving the tract’s contents by peristalsis. After digestion & absorption, wastes are excreted.

23
Q

Where does mechanical digestion begin?

A

-In the mouth, where large, solid food pieces are torn into shreds that can be easily swallowed.

24
Q

How does the stomach & intestines liquefy food? What is peristalsis?

A

-They do so through varies mashing, & squeezing actions, such as Peristalsis, a series of squeezing waves that start with the tongue’s movement during a swallow, & pass down the esophagus. The stomach & intestines also push food through the tract by waves of peristalsis.

25
Q

What is chyme?

A

-The stomach holds swallowed food for a while & mashes it into fine paste; stomach & intestine also add water so that the paste becomes more fluid as it moves along. While the chyme/digesta move forward through small intestine, further segmentation occurs.

26
Q

What is the function of the sphincter muscle? (located below the esophagus)

A

-Squeezes opening at the entrance to stomach to narrow it & prevent stomach’s content from creeping back up esophagus as stomach contracts.

27
Q

What is the function of the pyloric value? (located at the stomach lower end)

A
  • Controls the exit of the chyme, allowing only a little at a time to be squirted forcefully into small intestine.
  • After a meal, stomach empties itself by means of these powerful squirts. The small intestine contracts rhythmically to move contents along its length.
28
Q

By what time is digestion almost complete?

A

-By the time the intestinal contents have arrived in large intestine (colon), digestion & absorption is nearly complete.

29
Q

What is the function of the colon?

A

-The large intestine’s task is to reabsorb the water donated earlier by digestive organs & to absorb minerals, leaving a paste of fibre & other undigested materials, the feces, suitable for excretion.

30
Q

Is the bulk provided by fibre important?

A
  • Yes

- The fibre provides bulk against which the muscles of colon can work.

31
Q

Rectum function?

A

-The rectum stores fecal material to be excreted at intervals. (from mouth to rectum, transit of a meal is accomplished in as short as 1 day-3 days.)

32
Q

Is the timing of a meal important to feeling well?

A
  • Yes
  • The body requires nutrients to be replenished every few hours. Digestion is virtually continuous, being limited only in sleep & exercise.
33
Q

What are the chemical aspects of digestion?

A

-Chemical digestion begins in the mouth, where food is mixed with an enzyme in saliva that acts on carbs. Digestion continues in stomach, where stomach enzymes & acid break down protein. Digestion then continues in small intestine; therefore the liver & gallbladder contribute bile that emulsifies fat, & the pancreas & small intestine donate enzymes that continue digestion so that absorption can occur. Bacteria in colon break down certain fibres.

34
Q

What secretes digestive juices?

A
  • Salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, & the liver secrete special digestive juices that preform chemical processes of digestion.
  • Digestive juices contain enzymes that break nutrients down.
35
Q

Does alcohol need assistance from digestive juices to ready it for absorption?

A

-No

Biol 102 (3 decks)

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