Module 3: The Body Systems Flashcards
Body fluid function?
- The body fluids supply tissues with energy, O2, & nutrients including water.
- The fluids circulate to pick up supplies & deliver wastes to points of disposal.
- Provides oxygen & nutrients for cells.
What are the body’s circulating fluids? Where do they travel?
-Lymph & blood
- Blood travels through the veins, arteries, & capillaries.
- Lymph travels around the body through separate vessels, & eventually returns to bloodstream.
How does the heart ?
-The pumping heartbeats push fresh oxygenated blood from lungs to all body tissues.
What role do the liver & kidney’s play in the cardiovascular system?
-The blood leaving the digestive tract is routed to the liver, which chemically alters absorbed materials to make the better suited for use by other tissues; kidneys then clean the blood of wastes.
What is the function of blood?
-Blood carries nutrients from intestine to liver, which releases them to heart, which pumps them to waiting body tissue.
How does ample fluid intake effect the circulation of fluids in the body?
-Ample fluid intake ensures efficient circulation of fluids to the cells.
Is the blood sensitive to malnutrition?
- Yes
- Serves as an indicator of disorder caused by dietary deficiencies or imbalances of vitamins or minerals.
What does blood carry in addition to oxygen & wastes?
- Chemical messengers: Hormones- Communicate changing conditions.
- Each hormone acts as a messenger that stimulates various organs to take appropriate actions.
What are the functions of glands?
- Glands secrete & release hormones directly into the blood.
- Each gland monitors a condition & produces 1 or more hormones to regulate it.
Does nutrition affect the hormonal system? Do hormones effect nutrition?
- Yes
- Fasting, feeding, & exercise alter hormonal balances.
- Yes
- Hormones regulate hunger & effect appetite.
- They also regulate the mensural cycle
How do hormones effect appetite & regulate hunger?
-Hormones carry messages to regulate the digestive system, telling digestive organs what kinds of foods have been eaten & how much of each digestive juice to secrete in response.
Hormones & stress:
-Hormones regulate the body’s reaction to stress, suppressing hunger & digestion & absorption of nutrients.
Explain the nervous system:
- CNS-Brain & spinal cord
- Receives & integrates info. from sensory receptors-sight, hearing, touch, smell-which communicate to brain the state of the outer & inner worlds.
- Sends instructions to muscles, telling them what to do.
Explain the fight-of-flight reaction:
- Stress response:
- When danger is detected, nerves release neurotransmitters, & glands supply epinephrine & norepinephrine. Every organ of the body responds. Pupils dilate, muscles tense, breathing & HR increases, liver pours forth glucose from its stores, fat cells release fat, & digestive system shuts down.
What are the 2 types of white blood cells?
-Phagocytes & lymphocytes ( T cells, & B cells)
What are phagocytes? What are their functions?
- WBC
- First to defend body tissue against invaders
- When a phagocyte recognizes a foreign particle, such as bacterium, it attacks it with oxidative chemicals or digests/destroys it.
What are killer T cells? What are helper T cells?
- WBC
- Read & remember identity of invaders, & destroy all foreign particles with the same identity.
- Defend against fungi, viruses, parasites, some bacteria & some cancer cells.
- Helper T cells do not attack invaders, but help other immune cells do so.
What are B cells?
- WBC
- Respond rapidly to infection by dividing & releasing invader-fighting proteins, antibodies, into bloodstream.
- Retain chemical memory of each invader.
What roles do taste buds play?
- Your tastes buds guide you in judging whether foods are acceptable.
- They detect sweet, sour, bitter, salty, & umami (savoury).
- Aroma, temp, & texture can also affect a food’s flavour.
What is the function of the digestive system?
-To digest food to it’s components then to absorb the nutrients & some non nutrient, leaving behind the substances, such as fibre, that are appropriate to excrete.
What are the 2 levels of digestion?
-Mechanical digestion & chemical digestion
What are the mechanical aspects of digestion?
-The digestive system moves food through its various processing chambers by mechanical means. The mechanical actions include chewing, & mixing by the stomach, adding fluid & moving the tract’s contents by peristalsis. After digestion & absorption, wastes are excreted.
Where does mechanical digestion begin?
-In the mouth, where large, solid food pieces are torn into shreds that can be easily swallowed.
How does the stomach & intestines liquefy food? What is peristalsis?
-They do so through varies mashing, & squeezing actions, such as Peristalsis, a series of squeezing waves that start with the tongue’s movement during a swallow, & pass down the esophagus. The stomach & intestines also push food through the tract by waves of peristalsis.
What is chyme?
-The stomach holds swallowed food for a while & mashes it into fine paste; stomach & intestine also add water so that the paste becomes more fluid as it moves along. While the chyme/digesta move forward through small intestine, further segmentation occurs.
What is the function of the sphincter muscle? (located below the esophagus)
-Squeezes opening at the entrance to stomach to narrow it & prevent stomach’s content from creeping back up esophagus as stomach contracts.
What is the function of the pyloric value? (located at the stomach lower end)
- Controls the exit of the chyme, allowing only a little at a time to be squirted forcefully into small intestine.
- After a meal, stomach empties itself by means of these powerful squirts. The small intestine contracts rhythmically to move contents along its length.
By what time is digestion almost complete?
-By the time the intestinal contents have arrived in large intestine (colon), digestion & absorption is nearly complete.
What is the function of the colon?
-The large intestine’s task is to reabsorb the water donated earlier by digestive organs & to absorb minerals, leaving a paste of fibre & other undigested materials, the feces, suitable for excretion.
Is the bulk provided by fibre important?
- Yes
- The fibre provides bulk against which the muscles of colon can work.
Rectum function?
-The rectum stores fecal material to be excreted at intervals. (from mouth to rectum, transit of a meal is accomplished in as short as 1 day-3 days.)
Is the timing of a meal important to feeling well?
- Yes
- The body requires nutrients to be replenished every few hours. Digestion is virtually continuous, being limited only in sleep & exercise.
What are the chemical aspects of digestion?
-Chemical digestion begins in the mouth, where food is mixed with an enzyme in saliva that acts on carbs. Digestion continues in stomach, where stomach enzymes & acid break down protein. Digestion then continues in small intestine; therefore the liver & gallbladder contribute bile that emulsifies fat, & the pancreas & small intestine donate enzymes that continue digestion so that absorption can occur. Bacteria in colon break down certain fibres.
What secretes digestive juices?
- Salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, & the liver secrete special digestive juices that preform chemical processes of digestion.
- Digestive juices contain enzymes that break nutrients down.
Does alcohol need assistance from digestive juices to ready it for absorption?
-No
