Module 3 (PPT) Flashcards
What are the three elements to any communication?
source (sender)
destination (receiver)
channel (media)
____ must use established rules or agreements to govern the conversation
Individuals
What are the common computer protocols that must be in agreement and include the followring requirementsL
- Message encoding
- Message formatting and encapsulation
- Message size
- Message timing
- Message delivery options
is the process of converting information into another acceptable form for transimission
Encoding
Reverses the process to interpret the information
Decoding
When a message is sent, it must use a ____ or structure
Specific format
Message ___ depend on the type of message and the channel that is used to deliver the mssage
Formats
Encoding between hosts must be in an appropriate format for the ___
Medium
Messages sent across the network are converted into ___
bits
The ___ are encoded into a pattern of light, sound, or electrical impulses.
Bits
The ___ host must decode the signals to interpret the message
Destination
Manages the rate of data transmission and defines how much information can be sent and the speed at which it can be delivered
Flow control
Manages how long a device waits when it does not hear a reply from the destination
Response Timeout
Determines when someone can send a message
Access Method
There may be various rules governing issues like “____”
Collisions
This is when more than one device sends traffic at the sam time and the messages become corrupt
Collisions
Ont to one communication
Unicast
One to many, typically not all
Multicast
One to all communication
Broadcast
Are used in IPv4 networks, but are not an option for IPv6.
Broadcast
Documents may use the ____, typically a circle, to represent all devices
node icon
Define a common set of rules
network protocols
Network protocols can be implemented on devices in:
- Software
- Hardware
Both
Network protocols have their own:
- Function
- Format
- Rules
Identifies sender and receiver
Addressing
Provides guaranteed delivery
Reliability
Ensures data flows at an efficient rate
Flow control
Uniquely labels each transmitted segment of data
Sequencing
Determines if data became corrupted during transmissiuon
Error Detection
Process-to-process communications between network application
Application Interface
Networks ____ the use of several protocols
Require
- Governs the way a web server and a web client interact
- Defines content and format
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
- Manages the individual conversations
- Provides guaranteed delivery
- Manages flow control
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Delivers messages globally from the sender to the receiver
Internet Protocol (IP)
Delivers messages from one NIC to another NIC on the same Ethernet local Area Network (LAN)
Ethernet
- A group of inter-related protocols necessary to perform a communication function
- Sets of rules that work together to help solve a problem
Protocol Suite
The protocols are viewed in terms of layers:
- Higher Layers
- Lower layers- concerned with moving data and provide services to upper layers
The most common protocol suite and maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet Protocol Suite or TCP/IP
Developed by the International Organization for Standardization )ISO_ and the Internation Telecommunications Union (ITU)
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Protocols
Proprietary suite release by Apple Inc.
AppleTalk
Proprietary suite developed by Novell Inc
Novell NetWare
The most common network access layer LAN protocols are:
Ethernet and WLAN
is the protocol suite used by the internet and includes many protocols
TCP/IP
- An open standard protocol suite that is freely available to the public and can be used by any vendor
- A standards-based protocol suite that is endored by the networking industry and approved by a standards organization to ensure interoperability
TCP/IP
Promotes the open development and evolution internet
Internet Society (ISOC)
Responsible for management and development of internet standards
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
Develops, updates, and maintains internet and TCP/IP technologies
internet engineering task force (IETF)
Focused on long-term research related to internet and TCP/IP protocols
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
Coordinates IP address allocation, the management of domain names, and assignment of other information
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Oversees and manages IP address allocation, domain name management, and protocol identifier for ICANN
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
dedicated to creating standards in power and energy, healthcare, telecommunications, and networking
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Develops standards relating to electrical wiring, connectors, and the 19-inch racks used to mount networking equipment
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
Develops communication standards in radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over IP (VoIP) devices, satellite communications, and more
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
Defines standards for video compression, internet protocol television (IPTV), and broadbanmd communications, such as a digital subscriber line (DSL)
International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
Complex concepts such as how a network operates can be difficult to explain and understand. For this reason, a ____ is used
layered model
What are the two layered model describes network operations:
- Open systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model
- TCP/IP Reference model
What are the benefits of using a layered model
- Assist in protocol design because protocols that operate at a specific layer have defined information that they act upon and a defined interface to the layers above and below
- Foster competition because products from different vendors can work together
- Prevent technology or capability changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and below\
- Provide a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities
Contains protocols used for process-to-process communications
Application
Provides for common representation of the data transfered between application layer services
Presentation
Provides services to the presentation layer and to manage data exchange
Session
Defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications
Transport
Provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network
Network
Describes methods for exchanging data frames over a common media
Data link
Describes the means to activate, maintain, and deactivivate physical connections
Physical
Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control
Application
Supports communication between various devices across diverse network
Transport
Determines the best path through the network
Internet
Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network
Network Access
What are the seven OSI model Layer
- Physical
- Data Link
- Network
- Transport
- Session
- Presentation
- Application
What are the 4 TCP/IP Model Layer
- Network Access
- Internet
- Transport
- Application
The ___ divides the network access layer and the application layer of the TCP/IP model into multiple layers
OSI Model
The _____ protocol suite des not specify which protocols to use when transmitting over a physical medium
TCP/IP
discuss the necessary procedures to access the media and th ephysical means to send data over a network
OSI Layers 1 and 2
___ is the process of breaking up messages into smaller units.
Segmenting
___ is the process of taking multiple streams of segmented data and interleaving them together
Multiplexing
Large amounts of data can be sent over the network without tying up a communications link
Increases speed
What are the primary benefits of segmenting messages
- Increases Speed
- Increases efficiency
Only segments which fail to reach the destination need to be retransmistted, not the entire data stream
Increases efficicienry
___ is the process of numbering the segments so that the message may be reassembled at the destination
Sequencing message
_____ is responsible for sequencing the individual segments
TCP
___ is the process where protocols add their information to the data
Encapsulation
____ is a top down process
Encapsulation
Data is ____ as it moves up the stack.
De-encapsulated
Responsible for delivering the IP packet from original source to the final destination
Network layer source and destination addresses
Responsible for delivering the data link frame from one network interface card (NIC) to another NIC on the same network
Data link layer source and destination address
The IP address of the sending device, original source of the packet
Source IP address
The IP address of the receiving device, final destination of the packet
Destination IP address
What is the tow parts of IP adress
- Network portion (IPv4) or Prefix (IPv6)
- Host portion (IPv4) or Interface ID (IPv6)
- The left-most part of the address indicates the network group which the IP address is a member
- Each LAN or WAN will have the same network portion
Network Portion (IPv4) or Prefix (IPv6)
- The remaining part of the address identifies a specific devide within the group
- This portion is unique for each device on the network
Host portion (IPv4) or Interface ID (IPv6)
____ are physically embedded into the Ethernet NIC and are local addressing
MAC addresses
The ____ will be that of the originator on the link
Source MAC address
The ___ address will always be on the same link as the source, even if the ultimate destination is remote
Destination MAC
When the final destination is remote. Layer 3 will provide Layer 2 with the local default gateway IP address, also known as the ___-
router address
The ____ is the router interface IP address that is part of this LAN and wil be the “door” or “gateway” to all other remote locations
Default Gateway (DGW)
______ - (First Router - exit interface) sends frame
Source
____ - (Second Router) receives frame
Destination
