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BI283—Genetics > Module 3—Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

Module 3—Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

pangenesis

A

idea that all parts of the body contribute to gamete formation

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2
Q

germ-plasm theory

A

germline tissues in reproductive organs form gametes

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3
Q

correct replacement for pangenesis

A

germ replacement theory

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4
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

idea that traits acquired in life, like dyeing your hair, are passed on to offspring

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5
Q

preformationism

A

idea that a miniature adult (homunculus) resides in gametes (especially sperm)

suggests that a person’s traits are inherited from the father

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6
Q

homunculus associated with…

A

preformationism

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7
Q

blending inheritance

A

idea that offspring have a blend of parental traits

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8
Q

particulate hypothesis

A

idea that parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes)

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9
Q

Walter Sutton

A

chromosomal theory of heredity

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10
Q

chromosomal theory of heredity (3)

A

genes are located on chromosomes

homologs separate in anaphase I

homologs assort independently

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11
Q

character

A

heritable feature that varies among individuals; ie color

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12
Q

trait

A

each variant for a character

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13
Q

true breeding

A

homozygous crosses - offspring are always same genotype as parent

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14
Q

hybridization

A

crossing of two true-breeding varieties

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15
Q

testcross

A

breeding a dominant phenotype organism with unknown genotype to a recessive organism

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16
Q

2 possibilities for a testcross

A
  • If the unknown is homozygous dominant, all offspring will be dominant phenotype
  • If the unknown is heterozygous dominant, ½ offspring will be dominant phenotype, and ½ will be recessive
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17
Q

monohybrid cross ratios (genotype & phenotype)

A
  • Genotype ratio—1:2:1
  • Phenotype ratio—3:1
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18
Q

law of segregation

A

the two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

19
Q

law of independent assortment

exceptions

A

two or more genes assort independently during gamete formation

only applies to genes located on different chromosomes, or very far apart on the same chromosome

20
Q

dihybrid cross ratio

A

9:3:3:1

21
Q

Mendel used to discover independent assortment

A

dihybrid crosses

22
Q

independent events

A

outcome of any particular trial is unaffected by what has happened on previous trials

23
Q

multiplication rule

A

to determine the probability of one event and the other occurring, we multiply their probabilities

24
Q

addition rule

A

to determine the probability of one of two mutually exclusive events occurring, we add their probabilities

25
Q

complete dominance

A

heterozygous and homozygous dominant phenotypes are indistinguishable from one another

26
Q

incomplete dominance

A

neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a phenotype that is a mixture/dilution

27
Q

codominance

A

two alleles affect phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways - no dilution

28
Q

levels of dominance in Tay Sachs disease

A

recessive trait at organismal level

incompletely dominant trait at biochemical level (heterozygous individuals also have some defective enzymes, but functional enzymes are “enough” to keep symptoms from appearing)

codominant at molecular level

29
Q

penetrance

A

percentage of individuals having a genotype that expresses the expected phenotype

30
Q

penetrance is always…

A

less than the ratios predicted by Mendelian genetics

31
Q

expressivity

A

degree to which a character is expressed

32
Q

yield non-Mendelian ratios in offspring

A

lethal alleles

33
Q

pleiotropy

A

genes with multiple phenotypic effects

34
Q

a range of phenotypes

A

continuous traits

35
Q

epistasis

A

phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus

36
Q

epistasis example

A

black labs, brown labs, yellow labs

37
Q

epistasis produces ratios which are…

A

variations on 9:3:3:1

38
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

additive effect of 2+ genes on a single phenotypic character

39
Q

quantitative characters associated with…

A

polygenic inheritance

40
Q

most common polygenic traits in population

A

individuals heterozygous for many or all of the genes involved

41
Q

used in personalized medicine

A

polygenic risk score

42
Q

multifactorial traits

A

influenced by genetic and environmental factors

43
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

a trait’s reaction to the environment

44
Q

carriers

A

heterozygotes carrying a recessive allele for a certain phenotype

BI283—Genetics (5 decks)

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