module 3- infancy Flashcards
why do adults typically care for babies
babies evoke nursing responses from healthy adults
how do reflexes help an infant
protection or get an early start on motor skills
when do infant reflexes go away
when they are no longer needed
what can lingerie reflexes mean
indicates possible brain damage
what are the 4 key infant reflexes
rooting, moro, stepping, grasping
what is rooting and its purpose
turns head when mouth/cheek is touched towards finger
- aids feeding, find things to suck
what is moro reflex and its purpose
startle response - arch back, throws limbs out
- wants to grab for protection (like youre falling)
what is stepping reflex and its purpose
step motions when held above the ground
- helps future motor development
what is grasping reflex and its purpose
grips object when placed in palm (palmer grip)
- aids motor development
what happens to survival value skills
typically become voluntary (swallowing, breathing, sucking)
what are primitive skills and what typically happens to them
leftovers from evolution that usually disappear (moro and grasping)
what can reflexes show
normal brain activity
how much does an infant sleep
16-18 hours a day (most of the day)
what happens to sleep at 6 weeks old
sleep patterns begin forming (either REM or nREM)
what happens to sleep before 6 weeks
sleeping is irregular (lots of REM)
what is nREM sleep
regular sleep (motionless, increases as baby gets older)
what is REM sleep
irregular sleep (uneven breathing, half of their sleep pattern)
what type of sleep do infants start in
REM sleep (adults start in nREM)
what are the 2 other infant states
drowsiness and crying (peaks at 6 weeks)
how to soothe a crying baby (5 s’s)
swaddling, side/stomach position, swinging, shushing sound, sucking
what does swaddling do
limits overstimulation to their senses
what does swinging do
soothing motion (mimics the womb)
what do shushing sounds do
calming sound/white noise (womb wasn’t quiet)
why is touch good for infants
early brain/physical development (releases endorphins to calm them down)
what is a misconception about babies sleeping
they don’t always like quiet/alone places (uterus was loud)
how to find out what soothes your baby
trial and error
what is Piagets cognitive development theory
shows how kids change their thinking process overtime (sensorimotor stage)
what are Piagets 6 stages of development
reflexes, first habits/primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circulation, tertiary circular, internalization of schemas
stage 1 - reflexes
building block for motor/cognitive development (automatic at first, then becomes intentional)
stage 2 - first habits/primary circular reactions
on purpose and self focused
- discover habits and use repetitively (behavior becomes habit)
- only use their own bodies (no tools)
stage 3 - secondary circular reactions
on purpose, focus on external world
- mobile and uses tools (learns how rattle sounds when shook)
- create mental representations (schemas)
stage 4 - coordination of secondary circulation
more motor cognition, goal directed
- real play (intentional use of things)
- knows what they want and tries to get it
stage 5 - tertiary circular
involves experimentation, multiple behaviors
- repeat what they like, avoid what they don’t
- ex. bang two toys together (coordination)
stage 6- internalization of schemas
think about events without doing them (internal representation)
- object permeance
- helps with language development
what is object permeance
thinking/understanding an object without seeing it
- ex) peek a boo
what are the 2 types of growth sequence
cephalocaudal and proximodistal
what do growth sequences do
help understand what typical patterns of growth to expect
what is cephalocaudal growth sequence
growth starts at the head then goes down
- brain/skull are the primary spots of growth (limbs are primary later)
- most rapid/dynamic period of brain development
what happens to your brain when you are 2 years old
brain thickens with dendrites
what happens at 24 weeks (brain video)
vital organs of fetus are formed (brain almost full complement)
how does the brain know exactly what to do
it follows specially coded genetic blue prints
- ex. phone call to a specific person/location
what happens to connections if they are used or not used
used: they are strengthened, not used: they are lost
- use it or lose it (pruning)
what is learning all about
connection
do young kids or adults have more connections
young kids
- 2x amount of adults
what is overproduction in the brain
infants have more connections than they need at first
what is the critical period for info and development
if we don’t learn info at certain time spans, brain may not develop properly
what is proximodistal growth sequence
growth starts in the center then moves away
- starts at trunk then to limbs
what develops first in proximodistal growth (gross or fine)
gross motor before fine motor
what is the primary goal of socioemotional development
developing close bonds with care givers
what are the 2 topics in socioemotional development
attachment theory and temperament
what is the attachment theory
In order to have normal relationships later in life, infants need attachment to at least 1 person
who were the 3 researchers on attachment theory
John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, Jerome Kagan
what was John Bowlby’s theory
attachment takes a while, separation anxiety peaks at this age, infants have attachment behaviors
what are some attachment behaviors
crying, searching, reaching, and following their parent (healthy behaviors)
what was Mary Ainsworth’s theory
the strange situation study (put kids without mom to see what happens when with strangers
what is secure
typical reaction when apart from mom, concern of stranger (65%)
what is avoidant
anxious, when mom comes back they don’t run right to her (20%)
what is resistant
when mom is back, kids hit or resist, are anxious (10-15%)
What is disorganized
out of it, mentally not well with anyone even mom (5-10% can show abuse)
what is the pop psych idea
that parents don’t always have to stay with their kids
what behavior comes from positivity and love
secure
what behavior comes from unloved and rejection
avoidant
what behavior comes from anger and confusion
resistant
what was Jerome Kagan theory
that nature v. nurture plays a role, parents always at faults for attachment issues
what is an example of parents not being at fault for over or under attachment
autistic kid may not show secure attachment even if mom is responsive
what is temperament
behavioral style and emotional response
-foundation for adult personality
what is an easy kid
easily establish routines, adaptive to change (40%)
what is a difficult kid
hard to have schedules, unpredictable mood, don’t adapt well, cry a lot (10%)
what is a slow to warm up kid
rather inactive, appear difficult first then mood slowly improves (15%)
what are some factors the affect attachment
opportunity, quality of care, infant qualities, family circumstances
