Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Module 3 Exchange And Transport > Flashcards

Module 3 Exchange And Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water from an area of high water potential to low water potential across a semi permeable membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to high concentration which require energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an exchange surface

A

A specialised area that is adapted to make it easier for molecules to cross from one side of surface to other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is better for gas exchange, low or high surface to volume ratio

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are features of efficient gas exchange

A

Large SA, thin layers, blood supply(maintains large diffusion gradient), moist(allow gases to be dissolved, faster exchange), ventilation(maintains diffusion gradient), temperature(hotter particles move quicker).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Equations for sphere

A

Volume= 4/3 x pie x r^3. SA= 4 x pie x r^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Equations for cuboids

A

Volume= length x width x height. SA= (4 x length x height) + (2 x height x width)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Equations for cylinders

A

Area of a circle= pie x r^2. Volume= pie x r^2 x h. SA= (2 x pie x r x h) + 2 x pie x r^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need a exchange surface and single celled don’t

A

Single celled have a shorter diffusion distance due to single cell, whereas, multicellular have a high metabolic rate so use oxygen and glucose faster aswell smaller SA and longer distance of diffusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the better word than amount

A

Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What precautions should you take with a spirometer

A

Person is sitting down so they don’t faint, single use mouthpiece

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why might scientists record lung volumes

A

Test for health issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the purpose of soda line in the canister attached to breathing tubes

A

Absorbs carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why might a person using a spirometer to measure tidal volume wears a nose clip

A

Valid measurements of breaths through the mouth and not nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ventilation

A

Inspiration(breathing in) and expiration( breathing out), controlled by movements of diaphragm, intercostal muscles, ribcage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens during inspiration

A

External intercostal and diaphragm muscles contract. Causes ribcage to move upwards and outwards and diaphragm to flatten, increasing the volume of the thorax. As the volume of the thorax increases the lung pressure decreases. This causes air to flow into the lungs. Inspiration is an active process, requires energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens during expiration

A

The external intercostal and diaphragm muscles relax. The ribcage moves downwards and inwards and the diaphragm becomes curved again. Thorax volume decreases,causing air pressure to increase. Air is forced out of the lungs. Normal expiration is a passive process, doesn’t require energy. Can be forced though, internal intercostal muscles contract, to pull ribcage down and in.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air in each breath, about 0.4dm^3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vital capacity

A

The max volume of air that can be breathed in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Breathing rate

A

How many breaths are taken per unit time (usually per min)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oxygen uptake

A

The rate at which a person uses up oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How to use a spirometer

A

Person breathes through a tube connected to the oxygen chamber. As the person breathes in and out, the lid of the chamber moves up and down. These movements are recorded by a pen attached to the lid of the chamber, spirometer trace, or hooked up to a motion sensor. The soda lime in the tube absorbs carbon dioxide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why does the total volume of gas in the chamber decrease over time

A

Air breathed out is a mixture oxygen and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by the soda lime, only oxygen in chamber which subject inhales (by respiration).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Why do fish have special adaptions
There is lower concentration of oxygen in water than in air
26
Structure of gills
Water, containing oxygen, enters the fish through its mouth and passes out through the gills. Each gill is made of lots of thin plates called gill filaments or primary lamellae which gives a big surface area for exchange of gases(increase rate of diffusion). The gill filaments are covered in tiny structures called gill plates or secondary lamellae, which increase the surface area even more. Each gill is supported by a gill arch. The gill plates have lots of blood capillaries and thin surface layer of cells to speed up diffusion between the water and the blood.
27
Counter current system
In the gills of a fish, blood flows through the gill plates in one direction and water flows over in the opposite direction. The counter current system means that the water with a relatively high oxygen concentration always flows next to blood with a lower concentration of oxygen. This means a steep concentration gradient is maintained between water and blood, better diffusion.
28
Ventilation in fish
Fish opens its mouth, which lowers the floor of the buccal cavity. The volume of the buccal cavity increases, decreasing pressure inside the cavity. Water is sucked in to cavity. When the fish closes its mouth, the floor of the buccal cavity is raised again. The volume inside the cavity decreases, pressure increases, water if forced out of cavity across gill filaments. Each gill is covered by a bony flap called the operculum. The increase in pressure forces the operculum on each side of the head to open, allowing water to leave the gills.
29
Dissecting fish
Place fish in a dissection tray, push back operculum and use scissors to carefully remove the gills, cut each gill arch through the bone at the top and bottom, you should be able to see gill filaments.
30
What safety to remember with dissections
Wear a lab coat, clean tools, sharp tools, gloves
31
The features of the trachea
Large c shaped pieces of cartilage, smooth muscle, elastic fibres, goblet cells, ciliated epithelium
32
The features of the bronchi
Smaller pieces of cartilage, smooth muscle, elastic fibres, goblet cells, ciliated epithelium
33
Features of bronchiole
Larger=no cartilage, smooth muscle, goblet cells, ciliated epithelium Smaller=no cartilage, smooth muscle, no goblet cells, ciliated epithelium Smallest=no cartilage, no smooth muscle, elastic fibres, no goblet cells, no Cilia. These features allow more air in and when they contract less air in.
34
Features of alveoli
No cartilage, no smooth muscle, elastic fibres, no goblet cells, no cilia. Made from flattened epithelial cells, collagen and elastic fibres which allow alveoli to stretch when we breath in. When they return to resting size they help push air out of the lungs, called elastic recoil. Adaptions, large SA, thin layers, good blood supply,ventilation to maintain diffusion gradient.
35
Goblet cells
Lining airway, secrete mucus. The mucus traps microorganisms and dust particles in the inhaled air, stopping them from reaching the alveoli. The ciliated epithelial cells sweep the mucus and trapped substances up and out of the trachea. When it makes it back to the mouth it is often swallowed.
36
Cilia
Hair like structures on surface of epithelial cells lining the airway. They beat the mucus secreted by the goblet cells. This moves mucus upward away from the alveoli towards the throat, where it’s swallowed, prevents lung infections.
37
Elastic fibres
In walls of trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli help process of breathing out. On breathing in, the lungs inflate and the elastic fibres are stretched. Then the fibres recoil to help push the air out when exhaling.
38
Smooth muscle
In walls of trachea, bronchi, bronchioles allows their diameter to be controlled. During exercise the smooth muscles relax, making tubes wider. This mean there’s less resistance to airflow and air can move in and out of the lungs more easily.
39
Cartilage
In trachea, bronchi, provide support. It’s strong but flexible, stops trachea and bronchi collapsing when you breathe in and the pressure drops.
40
Structure of gas exchange in mammals
As you breathe in, air enters trachea, which splits into 2 bronchi. Each bronchus then branches off into smaller tubes called bronchioles, end in smaller air sacs called alveoli, where gases are exchanged. Lots of alveoli provide large surface area for diffusion. Ribcage, intercostal muscles and diaphragm work together to move air in and out.
41
Why are cartilage rings c shaped
So food can pass but keep structure
42
Why do airways keep smooth muscle
It can stretch
43
Why does operculum exist
Allows them to move water over their gills
44
Why will sharks drown if they stop moving
Don’t have a operculum, rely on ram ventilation, continual movement to ventilate the gills
45
Ribs
12 pairs of bones that protect the heart and lungs
46
Intercostal muscles
Set of muscles in between the ribs that move the rib cage when they contract and relax
47
Diaphragm
A sheet of muscles that separates the thorax from the abdomen and is involved in changing the volume of the lungs
48
Pleural membranes and fluid
2 membranes and fluid in between to reduce friction during ventilation
49
List 2 variables students should control using a spectrometer
Level of fitness, clip, health
50
Breathing
Process of drawing air into lungs
51
Respiration
Transfers energy (ATP) occurs in all living cells, use equation
52
Nasal cavity
Large SA with good blood supply will warm air as it’s inhaled. Hairy lining with moist surfaces which prevent evaporation by making the nasal cavity humid. Hairs prevent dust entering the airways, potentially causing respiratory damage.
53
Trachea
Carrying warm air into chest, made from elastic cartilage which form incomplete rings. Smooth muscle making it flexible and strong meaning they keep the airway open. Rings incomplete to allow food to pass behind the trachea through Oesophagus.
54
Peak flow meter
Measures rate of which air can be expelled from lungs. Measure how quickly you can expel air. Can be used to test for asthma. 3 readings, untill very close together.
55
Vitalograph
More complex version of the peak flow meter
56
What happens to the trace when inspiring and expiring
Inspiring will go down and expiring up.
57
Inspiratory reserve volume
Max vol of air you can breathe in over and above normal inhalation.
58
Expiratory reserve volume
Max vol of air you can force out of lungs over and above normal tidal vol of air you breath out.
59
Residual volume
Vol of air that is left in your lungs when you have exhaled as hard as possible.
60
Total lung capacity
Sum of vital capacity and residual vol
61
Equation for rate of oxygen uptake
Vol/time
62
Ficks law
Includes factors of rate of diffusion, SA, conc diff, membrane thickness
63
Root hair cells
Each branch of a root will covered in these hairs, gives a large SA which increases rate of absorption of water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport from soil
64
Alveoli
Made of single cells called alveolar epithelium. Oxygen diffuses out into blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses in opposite direction. This decreases the distance over which oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion takes place, increasing rate of diffusion. Surrounded by capillary network, good blood supply, blood constantly takes oxygen away and brings more carbon dioxide. Lungs are also ventilated so air is constantly replaced. These help maintain concentration gradient.
65
Gills
Large network of capillaries, keeps them well supplied with blood, and well ventilated as fresh water constantly passes over them. These maintain a concentration gradient, increasing diffusion of oxygen.
66
What does the peaks represent in a spirometer trace
Breathing rate
67
Where is the tidal volume shown on the spirometer trace
Height of peak
68
Where is the vital capacity shown on a spirometer trace
Height of biggest peak
69
How is oxygen uptake shown on a spirometer trace
Average slope of trace, look at difference between average results
70
Ventilation in insects
Air moves into trachea through pores on surface called spiracles. Oxygen travels down concentration gradient towards cells. Carbon dioxide moves down concentration gradient to spiracles to be released into atmosphere. Trachea branch into tracheoles which have thin permeable walls. Contain fluid which oxygen dissolves in. Use rhythmic abdominal movement to change volume of their bodies and move air in and out of spiracles. When larger insects are flying they use wing movement to pump thoraxes.
71
Dissecting insects
Pins through insect to hold place. To examine trachea cut and remove exoskeleton. Use syringe with saline solution/distilled water to see network of thin silvery tubes, silver because they are filled with air. Observe under microscope.
72
When are spiracles open and closed
Spiracles open to allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, but allows water to be lost so when insect in inactive spiracles closed
73
How do large insects get additional oxygen
Abdominal movement, change volume of insect body bringing in more oxygen and additional air sacs can be collapsed/inflated to pass more air into tracheoles.
74
How is structure of trachea different from mammals to insects
Mammals have one trachea, insects have multiple tracheae. Mammals is longer and insects is shorter.
75
Volume of cube
Side x side x side
76
Sa of cube
6 x (side)2
77
How to work out percentage increase
Diff/original x100
78
How to work out percentage increase
Diff/original x100

Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions