Module 3 - Ethics/Morals Flashcards

Ethics Legislation Politics

1
Q

Is “consent” the legal expression of the moral principle of autonomy?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Informed consent in research involves what?

A

a person freely agreeing to participate in a study after receiving information about the nature of the study and what it will involve for them personally

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3
Q

The NZ Health Research Council is the agency responsible for what?

A

managing the governments investment in health research

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4
Q

Explain what ethics is:

A

Ethics is the study of what we should do and why.

It is not:
-religion
-the law
-following orders/policy/practices

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5
Q

What is morality?

A

Morality is the distinction between right and wrong behaviour

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6
Q

What is moral agency?

A

Moral agency is the ability to make ethical decisions based on what is right or wrong.

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7
Q

What are the 4 key elements of ethical conduct that nursing practice comes under (ICN Code of Ethics)?

A

Nurse and people

Nurse and practice

Nurses and profession

Nurses and co-workers

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8
Q

List the 4 ethical principles in the Code of Ethics

A

Autonomy – self-determination – example is Code of H&D no. 7 It’s your decision!!

Beneficence – above all, do good - example is analgesia after surgery

Non-maleficence – above all, do no harm - example is allergy checks

Justice – fairness - example is targeted vaccinaton drive for vulnerable populations

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9
Q

Explain what Veracity is and give an example in nursing

A

Requires the nurse to tell the patient the objective truth. Honest and truthful communication.

Example: Inform patient of all possible outcomes of a procedure

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10
Q

Explain what Fidelity is and give an example in nursing

A

Best described by keeping your word to patients. Remaining faithful to one’s commitment to others.

Includes also Confidentiality AND Privacy

Example: returning to a patient when you promised to follow up

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11
Q

What are the two main branches of Ethics?

A
  1. Normative Ethics - concered with right or good action/ what SHOULD happen
  2. Descriptive Ethics - concerned with what DOES happen
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12
Q

Under Domain 1 - Professional Responsibility (1.1), identify ONE ethical requirement most relevant to nursing and describe how your nursing practice and conduct meets this?

A

The Code of Ethics (2019)

Assists with problem solving, decision making, guides practice in a clinical context of ethical dilemmas. Accountability.

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13
Q

Under Domain 1 - Professional Responsibility (1.1), identify ONE legislative requirement most relevant to nursing and describe how your nursing practice and conduct meets this?

A

Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act (2003)

Protect the health and safety of the
members of public and provides mechanisms
to ensure all health practitioners are competent
and fit to practice.

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14
Q

Under Domain 1 - Professional Responsibility (1.1), identify ONE professional requirement most relevant to nursing and describe how your nursing practice and conduct meets this?

A

Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers
Rights (1996)

Every person has rights when receiving health and/or disability
services and for these to be enforced.
The code sets out ten rights – each right imposes a
corresponding legal duty of care on health care providers.

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15
Q

Is the NZNO Code of Ethics an example of normative or descriptive Ethics?

A

Normative - what SHOULD happen

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16
Q

What key value is required in ethical competence to see what the ethical challenge is?

A

Perception

17
Q

What is Deontology?

A

Deontology is an ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong (philosopher Immanuel Kant).

Kant believes that humans have intrinsic worth that makes them valuable.

The end does not justify the means…..
Example lying thinking you are doing no harm to patient

18
Q

What is Utilitarianism?

A

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number

Example - immunisations

19
Q

Explain the Nuremberg trials and outcome from this?

A

Breach: Nazi physicians during WW2 conducted inhumane experiments on prisoners without their consent, including exposing them to extreme temperatures and infectious diseases (War Crimes).

Consequence: Established the Nuremberg Code, which outlined principles for ethical human experimentation, including informed consent and minimizing harm.

20
Q

Explain the Greenlane heart babies case and outcome from this?

A

Breach: In the 1960s, doctors at Greenlane Hospital in Auckland performed unapproved, high-risk heart surgery on babies without informing parents of the experimental nature of the procedures.

Consequence: Led to the establishment of ethical review processes for medical research in New Zealand and heightened awareness of the importance of informed consent.

21
Q

Explain the Cartwright Inquiry and the outcome from this?

A

Breach: In the 1980s, Dr. Herbert Green conducted unethical research on cervical cancer screening with women without informed consent from patients, and he altered data to support his hypotheses.

Consequence: Sparked the Cartwright Inquiry, which exposed widespread unethical practices in cervical cancer screening, leading to reforms in medical research ethics and increased scrutiny of healthcare practices in New Zealand.

Pivotal for start of H&D Commissioner role