Module 3 - DNA Flashcards
Nucleotide
sugar + base + phosphate
What carbon of the sugar is the phosphate of a nucleotide attached to?
5th
What carbon of the sugar is the base of a nucleotide attached to
1st
Nucleoside
sugar + base
Nucleobase
base
How do phosphate groups contribute to energy?
More phosphates (e.g. nucleotide triphosphate - ATP) = more energy
Less phosphates (e.g. nucleotide monophosphate) = less energy
What does dephosphorylation do to a cells energy?
reduces it
What kind of bonds link nucleotides?
phosphodiester
In what direction is a nucleotide read?
5’ - 3’ carbons
What is on the 5’ of a nucleotide?
phosphate group
What is on the 3’ end of a nucleotide?
Last nucleotide from 3rd carbon
Describe the structure of a nucleotide polymer
see slide 8 page 4
What shape does DNA have?
DNA is a double helix of complementary anti-parallel chains
How are anti-parallel chains in the helix of DNA held?
1) H bonding between complementary base pairs (A double bonded to T, G tripled bonded to C)
2) Hydrophobic interactions between planar bases (i.e. bases on same strand)
What holds sugars together in a nucleotide?
phosphate groups
Is pure DNA basic or acidic?
Acidic because the phosphate group is attached to deoxyibose which gives away an electron and loses a H
How is a single strand of DNA transformed into a double-strand?
Templated polymerization
What is the backbone of DNA?
sugar-phosphate backbone
What kind of bonds hold base pairs together?
hydrogen
What are the 2 ways DNA can be denatured?
Chemical: basic environment (e.g. sodium hydroxide)
Temperature: high
What are the requirements for DNA synthesis?
1) Enzyme: DNA-polymerase
2) DNA template
3) 3’ OH (primer of DNA or RNA)
4) Deoxynucleoside triphosphates (e.g. dATP)
In what direction is DNA synthesized?
5 -> 3
What are the steps of DNA synthesis?
1) Hybridization: base of one strand spontaneously recognizes its complementary base on another
2) Polymerization: DNA-polymerase non-spontaneously binds the sugars using DNA-polymerase (ATP energy needed for this)
What is the purpose of DNA-polymerase in DNA synthesis?
Polymerization by binding sugars using DNA-polymerase
Why is polymerization non-spontaneous while hybridization is?
needs energy e.g. ATP
What is the purpose of a primer of DNA or RNA?
short strand of DNA or RNA that hybridizes our DNA template defining starting point
What is the purpose of a primer of DNA or RNA?
short strand of DNA or RNA that hybridizes our DNA template defining starting point
How is a phosphodiester bond formed?
The O of the 3rd carbon of the previous nucleotide is coupled to the phosphate group of the next, splitting up 2 phosphate groups (PPi), which later are formed as 2 single phosphate groups (2P) to be used later
How is a phosphodiester bond formed?
The O of the 3rd carbon of the previous nucleotide is coupled to the phosphate group of the next, splitting up 2 phosphate groups (PPi), which later are formed as 2 single phosphate groups (2P) to be used later
How is a phosphodiester bond formed?
The O of the 3rd carbon of the previous nucleotide is coupled to the phosphate group of the next, splitting up 2 phosphate groups (PPi), which later are formed as 2 single phosphate groups (2P) to be used later
How is a phosphodiester bond formed?
The O of the 3rd carbon of the previous nucleotide is coupled to the phosphate group of the next, splitting up 2 phosphate groups (PPi), which later are formed as 2 single phosphate groups (2P) to be used later
How is a phosphodiester bond formed?
The O of the 3rd carbon of the previous nucleotide is coupled to the phosphate group of the next, splitting up 2 phosphate groups (PPi), which later are formed as 2 single phosphate groups (2P) to be used later
How is a phosphodiester bond formed?
The O of the 3rd carbon of the previous nucleotide is coupled to the phosphate group of the next, splitting up 2 phosphate groups (PPi), which later are formed as 2 single phosphate groups (2P) to be used later
How is a phosphodiester bond formed?
The O of the 3rd carbon of the previous nucleotide is coupled to the phosphate group of the next, splitting up 2 phosphate groups (PPi), which later are formed as 2 single phosphate groups (2P) to be used later
How is a phosphodiester bond formed?
The O of the 3rd carbon of the previous nucleotide is coupled to the phosphate group of the next, splitting up 2 phosphate groups (PPi), which later are formed as 2 single phosphate groups (2P) to be used later
How is a phosphodiester bond formed?
The O of the 3rd carbon of the previous nucleotide is coupled to the phosphate group of the next, splitting up 2 phosphate groups (PPi), which later are formed as 2 single phosphate groups (2P) to be used later
How is a phosphodiester bond formed?
The O of the 3rd carbon of the previous nucleotide is coupled to the phosphate group of the next, splitting up 2 phosphate groups (PPi), which later are formed as 2 single phosphate groups (2P) to be used later
How is a phosphodiester bond formed?
The O of the 3rd carbon of the previous nucleotide is coupled to the phosphate group of the next, splitting up 2 phosphate groups (PPi), which later are formed as 2 single phosphate groups (2P) to be used later
How is a phosphodiester bond formed?
The O of the 3rd carbon of the previous nucleotide is coupled to the phosphate group of the next, splitting up 2 phosphate groups (PPi), which later are formed as 2 single phosphate groups (2P) to be used later
