Module 3 content Flashcards
What is the difference between ability and capability
Ability is a stable enduring trait, Capability is a function of practice and refers to the fact that a single performance cannot reflect skill level underlying the performance
Is motor learning directly observable?
no, infered from changes in performance
Process goals focus on
quality of movement
Product goals focus on
end result of an activity
Constant error utilizes the mode, median, or mean?
mean
measurement of accuracy uses ______ error
constant
measurement of inconsistency uses _______ error
variable
Measurement of dispersion uses _______
Standard deviation
What is the mean in a standard deviation
0
What are the principles of practice
repetition
Specificity
Learning and performance
What are perceptual skills
when you practice a specific skill, you are also enhancing perceptual processing of the specific features of that skill
Reducing the amount of attention needed for a skill through practice is changing your _______
Attention capacity
What is effector competition
practice can reduce the interference experienced by two limbs performing bimanual tasks
Fitts stages of learning
Stage 1 - Cognitive
Stage 2 - Fixation
Stage 3 - Autonomous
Bernstein’s Stages of Learning
Stage 1 - reduce degrees of freedom
Stage 2 - Release degrees of freedom
Stage 3 - Exploit passive dynamics
components of passive dynamics
muscle elasticity
body momentum
gravity
Are discrete or continuous tasks forgotten more quickly?
Discrete
Warm up decrement is _________
where we need some time to warm up before optimal performance can be obtained
similarity in relation to skill transfer is
the idea that the more similarities two skills have, the more transfer will occur from learning one to perform the other
What kind of practice is effective for serial skills of long duration
part practice
Part practice is not effective for
skills where the performance on one part of the task affects the performance on another
In what situations are simulators important
skills are expensive and dangerous
facilities are limited
real practice is not possible
What are the two types of fidelity simulators nees
physical and psychological
3 things motivated performers do
devote more effort
practice more seriously
have longer practice sessions
Intrinsic motivation is determined by
autonomy
competence
relatedness
What is augmented feedback
information provided to the learner from an external source
massed practice
practice scheduled with short rest periods
Distributed practice
practice schedule with long rest periods between trials
Type of practice best for discrete tasks
massed practice
Type of practice best for continuous task
depends on the scenario
more rest means more effective learning but less efficiency
What is schema
sets of rules
What is schema theory
we learn general motor programs by learning sets of rules relating to surface features and parameters
Schema theory solves which two problems
storage and novelty problem
constant practice
practicing a single member or class of movements
variable practice
practicing several members of classes of movement
what practice is better for performance during acquisition
constant and blocked
What practice has better performance during transfer test
variable
what practice has better performance after retention
depends on situation for variable and constant but random is better than blocked
blocked practice
many trials of one task completed before moving on to another
Random practice
several different tasks completed in random order
Elaboration hypothesis
frequent task changes forces the learner to make them more distinct, making them more meaningful and better remembered
Forgetting hypothesis
frequent task change causes new motor solutions to be generated each time task is newly encountered. performance is low during acquisition but better retained.
contingency schedules
the success of the learner informs when the task is changed
intrinsic feedback
provided as a natural consequence of making an action
Knowledge of results
augmented, usually verbal info about the success of an action with respect to the intended goal
knowledge of performance
kinematic feedback about the movement pattern just made
summary vs average feedback
summary is given after a series of trials with info about each attempt
Average is given after a series of trials with info about the average performance in the series
faded feedback
feedback quantity decreases as skill level increases
bandwidth feedback
feedback only when error exeeds a preset tolerance level
goldilocks zone for bandwidth feedback
10%
absolute feedback frequency
total number of feedback presentations for a series of attempts
relative feedback frequency
the proportion of attempts for which feedback is given
instantaneous feedback vs delayed feedback
instantaneous is immediately given after trial completion, delayed is given several seconds of more after trial
four function of feedback
motivational
reinforcement
informational
dependence
descriptive feedback
describes the error made during the performance of a skill
prescriptive feedback
error description and suggestion for error correction
descriptive feedback is better for novice or skilled
skilled
prescriptive feedback is better for novice or skilled
novice
2 categories of technology
a novel invention
an existing product used in a novel way
three characteristics of robots
autonomous machine cabable of sensing its environment
carrying out computations to make decisions
performing actions in real world
