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(CRNA) Applied Chemistry Exam2 > Module 3: Chemical Reactions > Flashcards

Module 3: Chemical Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Acid/Base Reaction

A
  1. transfer of protons from one species to another
  2. most common
  3. change in charge (either charges to neutral or neutral to charged)
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2
Q

Substitution Reaction

A

switching one group for another

*usually see swinging arrow into and out of reaction
Types: Nucleophilic, aromatic, acyl

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3
Q

Nucleophilic Substitution

A

addition of a nucleophile to an electrophile

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4
Q

Aromatic Substitution

A

sub of a Hydrogen on an aromatic ring with another group (NOT Oxygen or nitrogen <- then it would be considered REDOX)

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5
Q

Acyl Substitution

A

addition of a nucleophile to a carbonyl group (esters, amides, carboxylic acids) or sulfonate group or phosphate group.

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6
Q

Nucleophile

A
  1. electron rich (provide e- to create new bonds)
  2. Nucleus loving <3
  3. anions (look for neg charge), heteroatoms w/ lone pair, alkenes, alkynes
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7
Q

Electrophile

A
  1. electron poor species
  2. electron loving <3
    (carbocations, carbonyl group, alkenes, alkynes)

*Hydrogen can never be the electrophile.

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8
Q

Catalyst

A
  1. help increase the rate at which the reaction occurs

All biochem reactions utilize enzymes and cofactors as catalysts

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9
Q

Catalysis

A
  1. increase reaction rate
  2. takes alternate pathway
  3. Catalysts do NOT appear in product
  4. Catalysts are NOT consumed (recycled for something else) - if they were, we would burn too much energy.
notice 4 distinct steps (humps)

Krebs cycle - glycolysis

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10
Q

Elimination Reaction

A
  1. removing a group completely from the molecule

look for a double or triple bonds created!!!
*usually an arrow going away from reaction

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11
Q

Addition Reaction

A
  1. adding a group to a molecule (usually start with a ketone or aldehyde)

*usually arrow coming into reaction

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12
Q

REDOX Reactions

A

changing the oxidation state of a group on a molecule
1. Oxidation - increase bonds to O or N, or decrease in bonds to H
2. Reduction - decrease in bonds to O or N, or increase in bonds to H

*usually see a half circle arrow swinging through reaction (NAD+ to NADH, etc)

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13
Q

Isomerization Reaction

A
  1. rearrangement of groups within the same molecule
  2. Least common
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14
Q

Enzymes

A
  1. globular proteins end in -ase.
  2. main catalysts used in reactions

*helps decrease activation energy required for a chemical reaction - makes Delta G negative (Exothermic)

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15
Q

How are enzymes classified?

A
  1. Efficiency (natural better than chemical/lab catalysts)
  2. Specificity
  3. Regulation
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16
Q

What is
Delta G?

A
  1. Gibbs Free energy - want to be negative
  2. a measure of whether or not a chemical process will or will not work.
  3. based on Delta H (enthalpy) and Delta S (entropy) and temperature
17
Q

Delta H

A

Enthalpy - measure of energy difference btwn products and reactants (endothermic & exothermic)

We want exothermic - we want to produce energy

*we do not want a system that requires energy.

18
Q

Delta S

A

entropy = degree of disorder

enzymes create more disorder via confirmational change - we want this!

19
Q

Cofactors

A
  1. Non-protein component required to allow an enzyme to perform its role!
    - bind with enzyme

*REDOX need a co-factor.

20
Q

Types of Cofactors

Inorganic

A

Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Mb (minerals)

21
Q

Types of Cofactors

Organic

A

vitamin derivitives

(usually B vitamins)

22
Q

Enzyme Classes

A
  1. Transferase (sub)
  2. Hydrolase (sub - using water)
  3. Oxidoreductase (redox)
  4. Lyase (elimination)
  5. Ligase (addition)
  6. Isomerases (isomerization)
23
Q

Transferase Enzyme

A
  1. Transfer functional groups
  2. Substitution reactions (*acyl, nuclephilic, aromatic)

*acyl usually uses hydrolase (look for use of H2O)

24
Q

Hydrolase Enzyme

A
  1. breaks bonds using water!!!
  2. usually substitution reactions (mostly acyl - ester to a carboxylic acid)

*saponification (hydrolysis of fats)

25
Q

Oxidoreductase Enzyme & examples

A
  1. catalyze REDOX reactions

*CYP450s, MAOs, dehydrogenase (alcohol), H2O2

26
Q

Ligase Enzymes

A
  1. join two molecules together
  2. addition reactions (“The Catch All!”)
27
Q

Lyase Enzyme

A
  1. breaks chemical bonds (Elimination - NOT REDOX)

*ATP > cAMP

28
Q

Isomerase Enzyme

A
  1. promote structrual shifts in the substrate
29
Q

ID the reactions

A

*ignore the “addition” :)

(CRNA) Applied Chemistry Exam2 (5 decks)

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