Module 3, Areas of Research and Types of Data in KIN Flashcards
Types of Data - Quantitative
- data are gathered such that they can be quantified (think numbers!)
- examine relationships among variables (none for qualitative)
- determine if discoveries are generalizable
- statistical analysis
Types of Data - Qualitative
- data are gathered such that they can be analyzed through informed judgment (think words!) (research is interpreting those words whether that is through interview, sharing circle, description on social media etc.) - how we make sense of that data will be through the judgement of the research
- smaller focused samples (more than 40 people is rare) - wanting to go into more detail with individual experiences
- focus is on the complexity of the phenomenon
Quantitative Data (what is it?, typically understood as…, generally used for & how is it gathered)
what is it? numerical data and assigning a quantity/frequency to a variable
typically understood as… classification of variables, counting variables, using numbers to test relationships
generally used for: hypothesis testing
how is it gathered? surveys/questionnaires, physiological measures and performance measures
Qualitative Data (what is it?, typically understood as…, generally used for & how is it gathered)
what is it? words: interviews, observations (written down), media articles, historical documents, etc.
typically understood as… complete, detailed “thick description” of a phenomenon, experience, or process
generally used for: exploring concepts and hypothesis-generating
how is it gathered? researcher is the ‘instrument’ for collecting data (observations, interviews, open-ended responses on surveys)
Types of Data: Mixed Methods
- both quantitative and qualitative methods are included within a research study
- is more than simply collecting and analyzing both kinds of data
- the strength of the study is greater than either approach alone
- the limitations of quantitative research (less context and detail) can be sought to qualitative (more detail, less general)
- mixed methods becomes stronger as it uses both
Quantitative Surveys (measures of:)
- measures of:
◦ thoughts
◦ perceptions
◦ attitudes
◦ personality
◦ emotions
◦ behaviour - cannot directly see but we measure them by asking people through surveys
- we can measure subjective experiences ~ main takeaway
- behaviour - establish baseline before intervention, a way of collecting data faster however some limitations include: you can lie or misrepresent what you have actually done, can be an overestimation of our own behaviours, there can be a bias in there, we can interpret words differently within survey questions
Quantitative Surveys (guided by theory)
- theories guide conceptual framework for measurement
- trait (tend to be more stable overtime, predispose us to act in certain ways. experience certain emotions - personality (can shift a bit overtime but day to day it is pretty much the same)) or state (unstable, momentary like emotions for example)?
- what do you want to capture,
some that is fairly stable or
momentary - one-dimension or multi-dimensional
‣ a lot of surveys will have
multi-dimensions on them
(however, sometimes
people will not use the
entire scale only what they
are interested in)
‣ if you have more
dimensions you are getting
more specific because one
looks at the interaction
and brings them together
Quantitative Surveys - What are the 4 response biases?
social desirability, acquiescence, extremity and leniency
Response Biases: Social Desirability
- responses that make the responder look better (overestimate, underestimate what they actually do as know what social desirable answers/responses are)
- can be done on purpose or can over/under estimate
Response Biases: Acquiescence
- tendency for survey respondents to agree with statements regardless of their content particularly when they are unsure of the answer
- vaping is just as bad for you as regular cigarettes (if you are not sure you are more likely to agree with that statement rather than oppose it)
- likert type scale: anchored by strongly agree to strongly disagree - if they are unsure of how they are going to respond to something, there is a tendency to agree
Response Biases: Extremity
- tendency to endorse the most extreme response categories regardless of the question
- either really strongly agree or strongly disagree, not so much in the middle
- tendency to pick one or the other
Response Biases: Leniency
- unrealistically favourable rating to a known person
- under specific circumstances if we are asked to rate a person (if you know them personally you are more likely to rate the person better, more favourably)
- if you do not know them, they may be less favourable
Performance Measures
- speed, accuracy (ex. how fast can you run a 40m)
- reaction time
- force
- balance/stability
- motion analysis/range of motion
- movement skills
performing an actual activity or movement
Physical/Physiological Measures
- weight, height, BMI, body fat, lean mass etc.
- blood pressure, CV disease indicators, hormones, cardiac output, lung volume, resting metabolic rate, etc.
- MRI & fMRI, CAT scans (tools)
- micronutrients (vitamins/minerals)
-> some basic elements, looking at these things whilst or after an activity
What are 4 ways you can generate data in qualitative research?
- interviews (most common way to generate qualitative research)
- observations (in a very descriptive way - describing their behaviour, what they are and are not doing)
- visual methods
- media
