Module 3 and 4 Flashcards
When did Reconstruction Began?
Before the Civil War ended
Black codes, including vagrancy laws had what effects?
-Criminalized black leisure
-Locked many into exploitative farming contract
-Limited black mobility
General Sherman issued what to set aside land in Georgia and South Carolina as homesteads for freed people?
Special Field Order No. 15
What goal of freed people was the least successful?
Gaining access to land
During Reconstruction, Black churches helped in the following ways
-Provided gathering places for political meetings
-Trained leaders for both preaching and political work
-Created opportunities for women
Why did women’s rights leaders oppose the Fourteenth Amendment?
It introduced the word “male” into the Constitution for the first time.
What was the term for the African American women’s memorial association that arranged the mourning for Union soldiers buried in Charleston?
Patriotic Association
Home rule in the South refers to a system in which:
Black Americans were restricted in their economic, social, and political rights.
What terrorist tactics did White southerners use to enforce racial hierarchies?
-Attacking Black candidates and officials and frightening voters with threats of violence
-Targeting freed people who tried to purchase land or otherwise become too independent
-Beating or shooting Black men over minor squabbles, labor disputes, and crimes of passion
What was the most common labor pattern in post-Civil War cotton agriculture?
Sharecropping
After the Civil War, the federal government had to do what?
Increase presence in the economy
The Depression of 1873 began when a prominent business declared bankruptcy. What was the name of that company?
Jay Cooke and Company
This term refers to the time after the American Civil War, From 1865 to 1877. It describes the efforts to restore Southern states to the Union. It began before the war ended
What was Reconstruction
This was the Theater where Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865
What was Ford’s Theater?
These laws were passed to regulate the behavior of Black Americans during and after the Civil war. One scholar called them “Slavery by another name.”
What were Black Codes?
This act of congress, passed in 1866, was the first attempt to constitutionally define all American-born residents as citizens. It did not include Native people
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1866
This amendment to the Constitution granted citizenship and equal rights to African Americans
What is the 14th amendment
this act of 1867 dissolved the governments of the Confederate states. It allowed the federal government to decide which Southern could return to the union
What was the First Reconstruction Act
This describes the effort to freed people in the South with land. It largely failed.
What was land reform?
Issued by General Sherman, this order provided land in Georgia and South Carolina for freed people. This order was overruled by his superiors and never fully took effect
What was Special Fields order No. 15?
The purpose of this government organization was to help freed people by redistributing lands. it also had courts where African Americans could seek justice.
What was the Freedmen’s Bureau?
This amendment to the Constitution granted African American men the right to vote.
What was the 15th amendment to the Constitution?
These organized vigilante groups killed Black candidates, frightened voters away from the polls, and terrorized freed people who tries to purchase land
What were night riders?
Formed in 1866, this group spread to all stated in the former Confederacy. Its purpose was to terrorize. It did so by murdering, lynching, torturing, and raping
what is the Ku Klux Klan
By 1876, Southern Democrats had established this, which reestablished white supremacy and Black oppression throughout the former Confederacy
What was “Home rule”?
These laws bound freed people to plantation by allowing for the arrest of innocent Black men and women. The result was decades of forced, uncompensated labor
What are vagrancy laws?
This agreement settled the election of 1876. Democrats accepted Rutherford B. Hayes, a Republican as president. and Hayes removed federal troops form the South.
What was the Compromise of 1877
This pattern of labor resulted in a cycle of debt that bound the family, usually Black, to the land.
What was sharecropping
How did the United States respond to the Boxer Rebellion in China?
President McKinley sent the U.S. Army into China without consulting Congress.
What reasons did President Wilson authorized the invasion of Vera Cruz, Mexico in 1914?
-Victoriano Huerta executed democratically elected president, Francisco Madero.
-Americans with financial investments in Mexico asked for intervention.
-Mexican forces mistakenly arrested American sailors.
During the 19th century, American interests in the Middle East revolved around…
-Religion
-Education
-Humanitarian aid
These statements regarding the Spanish-American War are true
-The United States received the territory of the Philippines after the war.
-Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders earned fame during the war.
-The war ended with the Treaty of Paris.
What were the Filipinos fighting for in 1898?
To win their freedom
How did the Roosevelt Corollary modify the Monroe Doctrine?
Declaring that the U.S. had the right to take action in any Latin American nation to correct administrative and fiscal issues
Women participated in the global influence of the United States in many ways, including…
-Missionaries
-Teachers
-Medical professionals
Which groups were excluded by the Immigration Act of 1882?
-Those who could not support themselves
-Those with mental illness
-Convicted criminals
This was a movement opposed to foreign businesses and missionaries operating in China
What was the Boxer Rebellion
This U.S. policy called for Western powers to have equal access to China
What was the Open Door Policy?
In this “Splendid little war” of 1898, the United States gained control of the Philippine Islands, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam
What was the Spanish-American War?
This war sated in 1898. It was waged to keep control of a group of islands in the Pacific that the United States had acquired from Spain, and to prevent independence
What was the Philippine-America War?
In 1898, Spain was blamed for the explosion that sank this ship in Havana harbor. More than 350 American sailors died in the explosion
What was the USS Maine
These newspapers promote sensational, if untrue, stories that often sway popular opinion.They first became prominent in 1898
What are “Yellow journals”
In 1898, This treaty ended the Spanish-American war
What was the Treaty of Paris?
This saying described Theodore Roosevelt’s approach to foreign policy.
What was “Speak softly and carry a big stick”?
This declared that the United States could take action in any Latin American nation to correct administration and financial issues.
What was the Roosevelt Corollary
Racial hostility toward Chinese immigrant led to Congress passing this act in 1875
What was the Page Act
This act, passed by Congress in 1882, suspended the immigration of all Chinese laborers.
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?
This act of 1882 denied people admission to the country who could not support themselves. It also denied entry to people with mental illness and convicted criminals
What was the Immigration Act of 1882
In this polite agreement of 1907, Japan agreed to stop issuing passports to working-class emigrants to the United States
What was the Gentlemen’s Agreement?
What definition best describes the work of muckrakers?
Investigative journalists
statements regarding Jane Addams’ activism are true?
-Spoke out against militarism
-Created an influential settlement house in Chicago
-Favored cooperation between rich and poor
statements regarding the National Women’s Party
-It was led by Alice Paul.
-It picketed the White House.
-More than 150 members were arrested and imprisoned.
What legal principle was enshrined by the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson?
Separate but equal
This period of American history, from 1870-1900, was marked by rapid economic growth and a wave of immigration
what was the Gilded Age?
This era, from about 1896-1916, was marked by progressive movements and various reforms.
What was the Progressive Era?
In this terrible fire, 146 women died. Events such as these convinced many Americans that it was necessary to reform working conditions.
What was the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire?
These journalists started writing in the late 1800s. They exposed poor business practices. poverty, and corruption.
What were muckrakers?
These clubs formed during the Progressive Era furthered women’s causes.
What were Women’s Clubs?
Founded by one of the Progressive Era’s most well known reformers, this house provided for women’s needs. It also exposed “social crimes”
What is Hull House
This amendment to the Constitution guarantee that the “vote shall not be denied or abridged by the united states or by any state on account of sex”
What is the 19th amendment
Despite the 15th and 19th amendments, many southern states sought to disenfranchise Black voters by means of this tax.
What is a poll tax?
Despite the 15th and 19th amendments, many southern states sought to disenfranchise Black voters by means of this test.
What is a literacy test?
Many states, particularly in the South, sought to maintain white supremacy through this system. It was designed to keep Whites and Blacks apart
What is segregation?
This system reduced many sharecroppers to a state of economic slavery. Most of these sharecroppers were Black Americans
What was the crop lien system?
This system leased convicts for unpaid work. It was similar to slavery. and it allowed former Confederate states to maintain racial control and White supremacy.
What is the convict lease system?
This Supreme Court case took place in 1896 and established the legal principle of separate but equal
What was Plessy v. Ferguson?
The broken promises of Reconstruction led Black Americans to fight back. This term describes the actions they took.
What is Black activism?
This term is used to describe the segregated, unequal, and oppressive conditions that existed in much of the former Confederate states
What is Jim Crow?
What was the most concerning issue American diplomats prior to World War I where concerned about?
Expanding transatlantic trade
What was the Zimmerman Telegram?
A German offer to help Mexico recover land lost in the Mexican-American War if Mexico would side with Germany in WWI
How did many Black leaders, including W. E. B. Du Bois, respond to the war?
They supported the war effort. And they lobbied to include Black soldiers in front-line combat positions.
Women served in the armed forces during World War I. They served in what positions
-Naval yeomen
-Telephone operators
-Physicians
Germany went from fighting a war on two fronts to fighting a war on one front when what happened?
Russia surrendered to Germany.
What disease proved most deadly during and in the immediate aftermath of World War I?
Influenza
Why did the League of Nations fail?
The Americans refused to join.
Why did the United States send troops to Russia during the Russian Civil War in 1918?
To fight, for the first time, against international communism
This empire was based in modern-day Turkey and fought against the Allies in World War I
What was the Ottoman Empire?
This empire made up much of southern Europe and fought against the Allied in World War I
What was the Austro-Hungarian Empire
While tensions had been rising, this assassination is often credited with starting World War I
What was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his spouse, the Grand Duchess Sophie?
This country was the first country of World War I to be invaded
What is Belgium?
This war started in 1914. It involved the United States and most European countries. It ranged all over the world
What was World War I?
This telegram was sent from Germany to Mexico. It offered Mexico support in taking back Texas if Mexico would join Germany’s side in World War I
What was the Zimmerman Telegram?
This type of warfare sank many ships in the atlantic Ocean, including the RMS Lusitania. that resulted in the deaths of more than 100 Americans
What was submarine warfare?
During World War I, the United kingdom, France, Russia, Japan, and the United States were the principle countries that made up this alliance
Who were the Allies?
This act passed in 1917. It allows the government to draft men into the military.
What is the Selective Service Act?
These two acts of congress were passed in 1917 and 1918. They stripped protesters of their rights and allowed for the imprisonment of critics of the war
What were the Espionage and Sedition Acts?
This revolution toppled the Tsar in Russia. It brought to power Vladimir Lenin and the Communists
What was the Bolshevik Revolution?
Between 1918 and the early 1920s. this flu killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide
What was the Spanish Flu?
This statement by President Wilson in January 1918 offered his vision of war aims and peace terms.
What were the Fourteen Points?
At the end of World War I, President Wilson proposed this international organization. He said it would “make the world safe for democracy.”
What was the League of Nations?
This commision determined that self-determination appealed to many in the Middle East
What was the KIng-Crane Commission
This treaty ended World War I because of its one-sidedness, It sowed the seed for World War II
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
What was result of the Kaiserschlacht launched by the Germans in March 1918?
It led to a series of Allied counteroffensives that pushed the German lines back.
Which tragedy convinced many Americans of the need for labor reform in the early twentieth century?
The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
The purpose of Reconstruction was to:
Restore southern states to the Union and to redefine Black Americans’ place in American society
Sharecropping was:
A labor pattern that bound freedmen to the land, keeping them in virtual bondage as Sharecropping usually created a cycle of debt that kept families bound to the land.
What is the term to describe the effort, which began before the Civil War ended, to restore the Southern States to the Union:
Reconstruction
Which revolution toppled the tsar in Russia:
Bolshevik Revolution
- The Bolshevik Revolution toppled the tsar during World War I. This led to Russia ending its involvement in the war.
The Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson was important because it:
It made “separate but equal” legal
-The case allowed segregation, claiming it was OK as long as the separate facilities were equal. Usually they were not.
Which of the following groups were largely responsible for establishing school systems across the South during Reconstruction?
Black delegates to state conventions
These were passed after the Civil War to regulate and control Black behavior:
Black codes
The purpose of Black Codes was to:
Impose social and economic control over Black Americans
-Black Codes criminalized Black Americans’ leisure time. They locked many into exploitative farming contracts.
In 1882, which group became the first immigrant group subject to admission restrictions on the basis of race?
Chinese
Which of the following roles did White women perform to support American imperialism?
-Symbols of the benefits of American civilization
-Projecting an image of middle-class America to the world
-Transmitters of American values
The Nineteenth Amendment:
Guaranteed women the right to vote
The United States sent to troops to this country in 1918 to fight the Bolshevik Revolution:
Russia
Which factors helped plunge the nation into the Great Depression?
-Rising inequality
-Rural collapse
-Overextended investors
What percentage of Americans were investing in the stock market prior to the crash?
2.5%
What was the result of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930?
International trade collapsed.
What is the definition of Herbert Hoover’s “associationalism”?
A system in which voluntary cooperative groups would provide assistance to those in need and businesses would limit harmful practice
The environmental catastrophe of the Great Depression was partly the result of agricultural mismanagement. Which of the following was the most consequential example of this mismanagement?
Farmers plowed up natural ground cover to grow more crops.
During the Great Depression, overall immigration to the United States?
Decreased
Upon assuming office, how did Roosevelt respond to the collapsing bank system?
He declared a bank holiday and then pushed through the Emergency Banking Act.
what program aimed to raise the prices of agricultural commodities by offering cash incentives to voluntarily limit farm production?
AAA
What was the most dramatic result of the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act?
It created a national minimum wage.
Which of the following actions did Franklin Roosevelt take to advance civil rights for African Americans?
He did none of these things
-He abolished the poll tax.
-He ensured that African American farmworkers had access to Social Security.
-He created a federal sentencing law to prosecute perpetrators of lynching.
What was FDR’s “court-packing scheme”?
An attempt to appoint up to six new justices who would be friendly to his interests.
In October 1929, this event wiped out $10 billion in investments. It also exposed deeper, underlying problems with the American economy.
What was the stock market crash?