Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Pool

A

A group of orgs that band together to insure each other’s loss exposures

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2
Q

Risk Charge

A

An amount over and above the expected loss component of the premium to compensate the insurer for taking the risk that losses may be higher than expected

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3
Q

Counterparty Risk

A

The risk that the other party to an agreement will default

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4
Q

Identify the circumstances under which pooling reduces risk

A

when the pooled losses are uncorrelated/independent

not subject to common cause of loss

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5
Q

Describe the effect of pooling on an org’s expected accidental losses

A

does not change accident frequency or severity

changes probability distribution of losses

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6
Q

Describe the typical distribution of positively correlated losses

A

positively correlated losses have a distribution with greater variability (higher standard deviation)

average losses are more difficult to predict

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7
Q

Contrast insurance and pooling

A

Insurance transfers risk to insurer in exchange for premiums

insurer has additional financial resources from which it can fund losses

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8
Q

Describe the services, in addition to the risk transfer, that are often provided by insurers

A

risk control services

claim and legal services (settling claims, administering claim payments, preventing fraud; managing medical and disability claims, providing systems to report, track and pay claims, and providing legal expertise and a network of legal resources)

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9
Q

List the ways insurance benefits individuals, organizations and society

A

indemnifies for covered losses

enables management of cash flow uncertainty
enables individuals to meet legal requirements

promotes risk control

frees up financial resources for other expenditures or investments

supports insured’s credit

provides source of investment funds for insurers and insureds

provides source of investment funds for insurers/insureds

helps reduce social burden

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10
Q

Explain how an org can achieve risk financing goals through the use of insurance

A

indemnifies for covered losses

manages cash flow uncertainty

meets legal requirements (Statutory and contractual requirements)

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11
Q

List risk-sharing mechanisims an insurer may use to promote risk control

A

Deductibles

Premium credit incentives

contractual requirements

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12
Q

Why do insurers seek out losses that involve pure risk

A

no possibility of gain on part of insured.

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13
Q

Why do insurers seek out losses that are accidental

A

no incentive on part of insured

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14
Q

Definite and measureable: Give an example of an occurrence that could be insured

A

sudden bursting of water pipe

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15
Q

Definite and measureable: Give an example of an occurrrence that could not be insured

A

slow leak in bathroom

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16
Q

Deductible

A

a portion of a covered loss not paid by insurer

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17
Q

Flat deductible

A

stated in a specified dollar amount

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18
Q

disappearing deductible

A

decreases in amount as loss amount increases.

disappears when surpases a stated amount

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19
Q

percentage deductible

A

expressed as percentage of some other amount

property value or loss amount

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20
Q

Aggregate annual deductible

A

a deductible that limits the total amount of losses retained during a year

After specified dollar value insurer provides first dollar coverage on all subsequent losses.

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21
Q

per claim deductible

A

a deductible that applies to all damages sustained by any one person or org as a result of one occurrence.

5 people making liability claim = 5 deductibles

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22
Q

per accident or per occurrence deductible

A

applies once to all claims stemming from the occurrence

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23
Q

waiting period

A

statutory time preiod in which the worker/insured must wait for in order to collect benefits

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24
Q

Explain how deductibles support the economical operation of insurance

A

allows insured org to obtain the risk transfer it needs while retaining those losses it can safely absorb

25
Large deductible plan
An insurance policy with a deductible of $100,000 or more
26
Self-Insurance
a form of retention under which an organization records its losses and maintains a formal system to pay for them
27
Residual Market Loading
An amount charged to make up for losses in a state sponsored plan to insure high risk exposures
28
Distinguish between a large deductible plan and Self-insured retention plan
Large Deductible plan - insurer responsible for adjusting and paying losses SIR - insured responsible for adjusting and paying its own losses
29
identify the advantages and disadvantages of large deductible plans
Advantages: reduce the cost of risk compared with other insurance plans - avoid premium taxes, residal market loadings, overhead/profit large deducible plan allows beneift of acces to cash flow Disadvantage: losses may be higher than expected ownering net income and cash flow
30
underlying insurance
Insurance that applies below an excess or unbrella liability policy
31
How do liability loss exposures differ from property loss exposures with regard to assessment of maximum possible loss?
estimating liability losses is harder. Jury dugements can be larger than predicted.
32
Why is commercial liability insurance often arranged in layers?
Because liability limits may be higher than any one inisurer will take on.
33
How do aggreage limits of liability affect a commercial entity's need for liability insurance?
several claims can exhaust limits, so no primary coverage
34
Excess Liability policy
a policy that covers liability claims in excess of limits of an underlying policy or a stated retention amount
35
Umbrealla liability policy
provides excess liability coverage above underlying policies may also include coverage not available in underlying policy
36
why are excess liability policies and umbrella liability policies used?
insure losses too severe to be covered under primary policies
37
what is the basic difference between an excess liability policy and an umbrella liability policy
Excess is never broader (and might be narrower) than underlying umbrella ordinarily provides broader coverage than the underlying policy, so may cover some claims not included in primary coverage
38
list two reasons why the distinction between excess and umbrella coverage is often unclear
terms used interchangabley by courts and insurance profession excess and umbrella policies are rarely standarized
39
self-contained excess liability policy
subject to own provisions only does not depend underlying policies for scope of coverage
40
Aggregate or stop loss, excess liability insurance policy
requires insured to retain specified amoun tof loss from the first dollar during the specified period of time, usually one year insurer pays all loss that period that exceeds the retention up to policy limit
41
Identify the three forms that an excess liability insurance policy may take
a following form policy subject to provisions of underlying policy a self-contained policy subject to its own provisions a combination of following/self-contained
42
Under what circumstance will a following -form excess liability policy cover a claim in excess of the underlying limits/
only if covered by the underlying form
43
Explain why coverage gaps may occur between the excess and underlying layers when a self-contained excess liability policy is used
because scopes of coverage between underlying and excess can occur when self-contained excess policy.
44
Identify a distinguishing feature of a true umbrella policy
a provision stating that the policy applies overa a self-insured retention if the underlying policy does not cover a loss covered by the umbrella
45
contrast a specific excess liability policy with an aggregate excess liability policy
Specific Excess - insured pays retention for each loss Aggregate Excess - insured pays retention on sum of all losses and insurer pays the amount over top.
46
Working layers
The layers of coverage most often called on to pay claims.
47
Buffer Layer
the level of excess insurance between a primary and umbrella
48
Explain the difference between working layers and buffer layers of insurance
Primary and umbrella are working layers (most often called upon) Excess is buffer layer
49
What are three problems that can occur when liability insurance is layered?
Application of aggregate limits may vary in each layer Excess policies may differ as to defense coverage excess layers over the first umbrella layer may purport to be following-form policies but in fact may contain restrictions not present in the umbrella layer
50
How do risk managers usually deal with the fact that there is no monetary limit a jury might award
buy the highest limts they can obtain and hope they are adequate
51
Admitted insurer
the insurer has a granted licence in that jurisdiction
52
Non admitted insurer
an insurer not authorized by jurisdiction to do business in that state
53
Exporters Package policy
Nonadmitted package policy tailored to organizations with incidental exposure in countries other than their home country
54
Controlled Master Program
nonadmitted master policy issued in the country in which the insured is domiciled paired with locally admitted policies issued in foreign countries in which the insured operates
55
Economy of Scale
a reduction in the average cost of a product or a process as the size of the company increases
56
Describe the advantages of purchasing admitted coverage locally.
policy services locally. local mgmt accustomed to local practices premiums paid to admitted insurers are tax-deductible claims paid in local currency - eliminates for-ex rate risk local agents and brokers able to understand coverage nuances and provide better coverage advice complying with local laws and doing business locally helps integrate with local economy and community
57
Describe who the exporter's package is intended for
insured without a permanent office or place of business in the foreign country where it operates
58
Describe who the admitted policies of a controlled master program cover
foreign subsidiaries of multinational business
59
identify the primary advantage of a controlled master program
.prevention of gaps in coverage. What local policy doesn't cover master policy does