Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

POPLHLTH 111 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Population measures of SEP

A 
Area Measures:
- deprivation
- access
Population Measures:
- literacy rates
- GDP per capita
- income inequality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Individual measures of SEP

A 
Education
Income
Wealth/Assets
Occupation
Housing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Deprivation = ?

A

a state of observable and demonstrable disadvantage relative to the local community/nation/wider society to which an individual/family/group belongs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Poverty = ?

A

lack of resources and income to obtain a normative standard of living.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Main causes of the causes?

A

belonging to a marginalized group –> discrimination –> access to education –> educational attainment –> employment status –> income –> access to healthcare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

PROGRESS

A 
P = place of residence
R = religion
O = occupation
G = gender/sex
R = race/ethnicity/culture/language
E = education
S = social capital 
S = socioeconomic status
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Implication of income inequities?

A
  1. less social cohesion –> reduced social capital and civic participation
  2. more unequal society –> some do not have resources to participate in productive activity –> reduced productivity
  3. less trust between groups
  4. reduced economic productivity
  5. increased stress
  6. poorer health outcomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why reduce inequities?

A
  1. they are unfair
  2. they are avoidable
  3. they affect everyone
  4. reducing them will be more cost effective (allows for teamwork and reduced stress).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why measure population data?

- trends

A

birth
mortality
morbidity
migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why measure population data

- application

A 
unemployment/pensions/benefits
crime
health service utilisation
voter turnout/who votes for who
education pathways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

NZDep Variables (9)

A 
communication (people under 65 w/o internet access)
income (means tested benefit)
income (below income threshold)
employment (18-64 unemployed)
qualification (18-64 no qualifications)
owned home (ppl not in own home)
support (single parent family)
living space (equivalised household below room occupancy threshold)
transport (ppl w/o access to car)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

IMD Variables (7)

A

employment (unemployed working age people)
income (those w/o sufficient income receiving state-funded financial assistance)
crime (material & personal safety. measure of neighbourhood security)
housing (overcrowding & proportion of renters)
health (ill health and mortality rates)
education (youth disengagement and lack of qualifications)
access (cost and inconvenience to access basic services)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Element of a healthy enviornment (6)

A 
clean air and water
appropriate housing
access to wholesome food
safe community spaces
transport access
opportunity to exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define ‘built environment’

A

all the buildings, spaces and products that are created, r at least significantly modified by people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ways of measuring the built environment (4)

A

urban density (population, employment, housing)
access to facilities and resources
street connectivity
land-use mix (residential, commercial, industrial, wasteland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Community Resource domains (6)

A
  1. shopping facilities
  2. recreation
  3. education
  4. health
  5. social
  6. public transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

5 A’s of Access

A 
availability
accommodation
affordability
accessibility
acceptability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Availability definition

A

the relationship between the volume and type of resources and services with the volume and type of client need
–> existence of service barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Availability questions (4)

A

satisfaction with you’re ability to find a doctor that can treat your entire family well?
confidence in obtaining good medical care for your family when needed?
satisfaction with accessing medical services in an emergency?
satisfaction with your knowledge of where to get healthcare?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Accommodation definition

A

the relationship between the manner in which supply resources are organised and the expectations of clients
–> organisational barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Accommodation questions (4)

A

satisfaction with wait time to get an appointment
satisfaction with time in waiting room
satisfaction with contacting your physician
satisfaction with office hours of physician

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Acceptability definition

A

relationship between attitudes of client and provider on what constitutes appropriate care
–> psychosocial barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Acceptability questions (3)

A

appearance of doctors office?
people you see at the office?
the neighbourhood of the office?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Accessibility definition

A

relationship between the location of the provider and the location of the client, accounting for transport resources, cost, time, distance
–> geographic barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Accessibility questions (2)

A

how difficult is it to get to your provider?

how convenient are offices to your home?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Affordability definition

A

relationship between the cost of the provider service and the willingness and ability to pay of the client.
–> financial barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Affordability questions (3)

A

satisfaction with doctor’s prices?
satisfaction with health insurance?
satisfaction with the amount of time you have to pay the bill?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

data linkage approaches

A

deterministic

probabilistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

deterministic data linkage

A

exact matches based on personal data that is common amongst all the data to be linked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

probabilistic data linkage

A

statistical weights are used to determine the probability that the data in questions from different sources are from the same individual

31
Q

what is data linkage

A

the process of matching records from different sources based on ‘key’ information (usually personal info)

32
Q

challenges of big data

A

data governance
data generation
data output

33
Q

data governance

A

the practices and processes to ensure the formal management of data within an organisation

34
Q

data generation

A

data quality = more important with bigger data

increased quantity of data does not ensure improved data quality

35
Q

data output

A

including analysis

querying large data sets and generating meaningful and reliable outputs

36
Q

5 safes

A 
people 
projects
settings
data
output
37
Q

privacy

A

the ability of a person to control the availability of information about themselves

38
Q

security

A

how the agency stores and controls the access to data it has

39
Q

confidentiality

A

protection of information about individuals and organisations.
ensuring those that are not authorised cannot access the data

40
Q

research opportunities with big data

A

machine learning
AI
data mining
smart cities

41
Q

implications of big data?

A
  • “what if” scenarios can influence policy
  • anonymity is not guaranteed
  • indirect discrimination as AI learns from individual choices and biases
  • -> BIASES
  • data control
  • privacy policy
  • “informed consent” ?? how is your data controlled.
  • data sharing and collaboration
42
Q

epi triangle - host

A

organism harbouring the disease

  • -> carrier
  • -> the sick individual
43
Q

epi triangle - environment

A

external factors that allow the disease to occur or allow it to be transmitted

44
Q

epi triangle - agent

A

microbe/organism which causes the disease

45
Q

endemic

A

normal level of disease in a population

fluctuations are expected

46
Q

outbreak

A

an occurrence of disease higher than expected/not expected in a community/region at a specific time/place.
smaller, localised area

47
Q

epidemic

A

an occurrence of new disease substantially higher than expected (the baseline) over a wider geographic area

48
Q

pandemic

A

an epidemic which is spread over many countries

e.g. H1N1

49
Q

basic reproduction number

A

the number of cases 1 case will generate on average over its infectious period
R0>1 –> disease spreads
R0<1 –> disease dies out
R0 = probability (disease transmittied) * number of contacts * duration of the infectiousness

50
Q

SIR model

A

deterministic models

- we assume we know about the population, and compartmentalise everyone into SIR

51
Q

how to make SIR model more complex?

A
  • exposure
  • vaccination
  • use stochastic, agent-based, multistate models to predict the likelihood of coming into contact with others.
52
Q

what is herd immunity

A

a form of indirect protections from infectious disease that occurs when a large proportion of the population is immune to an infection, therefore providing a measure of protection for individuals that are not immune

53
Q

strengths of big data and communicable disease?

A
  • help us to see trends/patterns/associations
  • we can predict disease trajectory
  • can be used to improve patient and healthcare, and reduce healthcare costs
54
Q

limitations of big data and communicable disease?

A
  • hard to manage with traditional soft/hardware
  • curse of dimensionality –> many many different sources that must be interpreted together. difficulty in linking data
  • privacy issues
55
Q

7 V’s of Big data

A

volume
variety
veracity
velocity

variability
value
visulisation

56
Q

volume (big data)

A

computing capacity needed to store and and analyse data

57
Q

velocity

A

speed at which data can be produced and analysed

58
Q

variety

A

different data sources available

e.g. text, images, social media, administrative

59
Q

veracity

A

truth and credibility of data

60
Q

variability

A

internal consistency of your data

61
Q

value

A

cost of producing and analysing bid data

should pay dividends for organisation and patients

62
Q

visualisation

A

using novel ways to communicate findings and patterns that would otherwise be found in big tables of data
e.g. infographics, graphs

63
Q

what is ecological fallacy

A

the error that arises when information about groups of people is used to make inferences about individuals

64
Q

structure

A

the social and physical environmental conditions/patterns (social determinants) which influence the opportunities available and the choices made

65
Q

agency

A

the ability of an individual to act independently and to make free choices.

66
Q

WHO commision on Social determinants of health overarching recs

A
  1. improve daily living conditions
  2. tackle the inequitable distribution of money, power, resources
  3. measure and understand the problem and assess the impact of action (PROBLEM AND ACTION)
67
Q

5 pillars of action on road safety (UN General Assembly)

A
  1. road safety management
  2. safe roads and mobility
  3. safer vehicles
  4. safer road users
  5. post crash response.
68
Q

ethnicity coding
total response
strengths

A

self-identification possible

allows for representation of those who do not identify as a single ethnic group

69
Q

total response weaknesses

A

hard to manage data
hard to compare data as there some data is overlapping
complexities in the distribution of funding as population numbers are difficult to determine.

70
Q

prioritised output strengths

A

allows for small or politically important ethnic groups to not be swamped by European ethnic group.
easy to manage data as each person appears only once

71
Q

prioritised output weaknesses

A

doesn’t allow for self-identification
may result in the overrepresentation of some ethnic groups
simplifies and biases the results.

72
Q

sole/combination output strengths

A

allows for self-identification

each individual appears only once.

73
Q

sole/combination output weaknesses

A

not used often

not all ethnicities are identifiable as their combination does not exist on the questionnaire.

POPLHLTH 111 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions