Module 3 Flashcards
Cambium
• Lies in between xylem and phloem • Layer of meristem cells • Divide to produce new xylem and phloem
Xylem
• Transports water and minerals within plant • Meristem cells produce small cells which elongate • Walls are reinforced with waterproof lignin • Ends of cells break down • This forms a long continuous tubes with a wide lumen • Provides support for the plant
Phloem •
Transports products of photosynthesis within a plant • Structure consists of sieve tubes and companion cells • Meristem tissue produces cells that elongate and line up to form end to end tubes • Ends do not break down completely • Form sieve plates in between cells • Sieve plates allow for the movement of material up or down tube • Next to each sieve cell is companion cell, providing support
12
Single Celled Organisms
Small, single celled organisms have a very large surface area to volume ratio ○ They are able to exchange gases, nutrients and waste across surface
Multicellular Organism
○ Small surface area to volume ratio ○ Cells need more supplies ○ Outer surface not large enough to enable gases and nutrients to enter body fast enough to keep cells alive ○ Gases must travel greater distance to reach cells at centre of organism ○ Require specialised exchange surface ○ Transport systems help to move nutrients to all parts of the body
Efficient Exchange Surface
Large surface • Provides more space for molecules to pass through • Often achieved by folding walls of membranes Thin barrier • Reduce diffusion distance • Often only one cell thick Maintain steep diffusion gradient • Fresh supply of molecules on one side, keeping concentration high • Removal of required molecules on other side keeps concentration low
Components of the Mammalian Gaseous Exchange System
Airways • Larger airways allow sufficient flow of air • Divide into smaller airways, delivering air to alveoli • Strong airways withstand low and high pressure • Flexible • Able to stretch and recoil
Lungs • Air passes through trachea, bronchi and bronchioles • Each specifically adapted • Air reaches alveoli • These are specialised for gas exchange • Protected by ribs • Movement of ribs and diaphragm help in ventilation
Trachea and Bronchi • Bronchi and trachea very similar • Bronchi narrower than trachea • Walls consist of cartilage • Cartilage form C-shaped rings • Layers of loose tissue on inside of cartilage • Inner lining is ciliated epithelium
Bronchioles • Much narrower than bronchi • Smaller ones have no cartilage wall made from smooth muscle and elastic fibres • Smallest have clusters of alveoli at the ends
Components of an efficient gaseous exchange surface:
Cartilage• Structural role • Supports trachea and bronchi • Holds them open • Prevents collapse when air pressure is low • Allows for movement
Cilia
• Move in a synchronised pattern waft mucus up airway to back of throat • Mucus is then swallowed and bacteria killed in the acidic stomach
Goblet cells
• Lie under epithelium • Secrete mucus • Mucus traps tiny particle sin the air • Traps bacteria and pollen, reducing the risk of infection
Smooth Muscle
• Able to contract • Contraction arrows lumen, restricting air flow • This is important if harmful substances are present • Contraction involuntary
Elastic Fibres
• Contraction of airways deforms elastic fibres in tissue • As smooth muscle relaxes, elastic fibres recoil to original size • Help to dilate airway
Tidal Volume
• Volume of air moved in and out of lungs with each breath when at rest • It is approximately 500cm3 • Provides body with enough oxygen for its resting needs while removing enough carbon dioxide to maintain safe level
Vital Capacity
• Largest volume of air that can be moved in and out of lungs in any one breath • Approximately 5dm3 • Varies from person to person • Regular exercise increases vital capacity
Breathing rate
• Number of breaths per minute • Can be counted easily using a 60-second timer
Oxygen uptake
• Measure of the volume of O2 inhaled per unit time • Can be recorded using a spirometer
Spirometer
• Used to measure volumes of lung capacity • Consists of chamber filled with oxygen that floats in water • Patient breathes in, taking up oxygen, making the chamber sink • Breathing out pushes air into the chamber, causing it to float • Soda lime used to absorb CO2 that is exhaled • Volume of CO2 breathed out is same as oxygen uptake • Total reduction in volume is equal to oxygen uptake
Bony fish gas exchange
• Use gills to absorb oxygen from surrounding water • Gills are also the site where carbon dioxide is released into the water • Most bony fish have 5 pairs of gills ○ The operculum is a bony plate covering the gills ○ Each gill has 2 rows of filaments ○ Each filament is folded into lamellae to increase their surface area • Blood capillaries circulate in the regions surrounding the gills
Bony fish ventilation
• Fish use their mouths (buccal cavity) to generate waves of water that move over the gills • These movements are co-ordinated with movements of the opercula • This ensures that oxygenated water is continually flowing over the gills
Insect gas exchange
Open circulatory system - no blood • ‘Tracheal system’ - airways that travel up and down the body • Trachea branch out as spiracles that open out into the air
• Therefore air circulates within the body in tiny vessels • Trachea also branch out inwards in tracheoles • This is where gas exchange occurs by diffusion
Insect ventilation
• Larger insects can ventilate tracheal system by entire body movements • Moving the body squeezes and relaxes areas of the tracheal system - pumping air to circulate • Moving the wings can alter the volume of the thorax, changing air pressure in the thorax causing air to move in/out
3 factors that affect need for a transport system
• Size ○ Several layers of cells make diffusion unfeasible ○ Only outer cells will access nutrients supplied by diffusion • Level of activity ○ Very active organisms need lots of energy and nutrients ○ Mammals need lots of energy • SA to Volume ratio ○ Larger animals have a low SA to v ratio ○ Surface area not large enough to supply cells with required oxygen
• Single Circulatory System
○ Single circuit ○ Fish have this ○ Blood flow from – Heart – Gills – Body – Heart
• Double Circulatory System
○ Mammals have this ○ Blood travels through the heart twice for one complete circuit
○ Pulmonary circulation carries blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen
○ Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood round the body
○ Blood flows from: – Heart – Body – Heart – Lungs – Heart
○ This allows: – Blood pressure to be raised after passing through lungs – Blood flows more quickly to tissues – Provides required nutrients for respiration – Systemic circulation can have higher pressure than pulmonary