Module #3 Flashcards
Pseudopod
A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food.
Vacuole
A membrane-bound “sac” within a cell.
Ectoplasm
The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells.
Endoplasm
The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells.
Flagellate
A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum.
Chlorophyll
A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.
Symbiosis
A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits.
Mutualism
A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed.
Spore
A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.
Plankton
Tiny organisms that float in the water.
Zooplankton
Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa.
Phytoplankton
Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae.
Thallus
The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems.
Cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.
Holdfast
A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself.
Sessile Colony
A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object.
Which of the following genera contain organisms with chloroplasts? Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, Spirogyra.
Euglena & Spirogyra.
What is the function of a contractile vacuole? What is the difference between this and a food vacuole?
Contractile vacuoles regulate the amount of water in the cell. Food vacuoles hold and store food while it is being digested.
What is the difference between Endoplasm and Ectoplasm?
Both are cytoplasms, but Ectoplasm is thin and watery and is near the plasma membrane whereas Endoplasm is dense and found in the interior of the cell.
The Amoeba and Euglena have different means of locomotion. How are they different? How are the similar?
An Amoeba moves by forming a pseudopod and pushing itself into that pseudopod, a Euglena whirls it’s flagellum and draws its cytoplasm into the central region of the cell (deforming the Euglena), then it re-extends itself forward.
Name at least 3 pathogenic organisms from kingdom Protista.
Entamoeba Histolytica Coli, Mastigophorites, Balantidium Coli.
For each of the phyla listed below, list the means of locomotion employed by the organisms in that phyla.
Sarcodina, Mastigophora, Ciliophora.
Sarcodina: Pseudopods, Mastigophora: Flagellum, Ciliophora: Cilia
What are the main features that separate organisms into phylum Sporozoa?
The organisms method of Locomotion.
A tapeworm is a parasite that feeds on the nutrients which the host eats, depriving the host of that nutrition. Trichonympha is a mastigophorite that lives in the gut of a termite, helping break down chemicals that the termite cannot break down on its own. Name the specific kind of symbiosis in each of these situations.
1) Parasitism
2) Mutualism
Why do the ciliates have two nuclei? What is the purpose of each?
They both do different things. The macronucleus controls the paramecium’s metabolism. The micronucleus controls reproduction.
What is the difference between the conjugation that occurs between paramecia and the conjugation that occurs between bacteria?
In conjugation between paramecia, they simply exchange DNA. Bacterium conjugation happens when the bacterium takes the others DNA.
Two microorganisms groups are studied. In the first group, the organisms form hard shells around themselves when exposed to life-threatening conditions. If not exposed to those conditions, however, these organisms never form hard shells. The second group form hard shells around themselves as a natural part of their life cycle. Which group would be classified as coming from phyla Sporozoa?
The second group.
What is the unique way Euglena obtains food?
Euglenas are both autotrophic and saprophytic. They can produce their own food via photosynthesis, but they also decompose the remains of dead organisms.
Which phylum contains the organisms responsible for most of the photosynthesis that occurs on earth? What generic term is used to refer to these organisms?
Phylum: Chrysophyta. Generic Term: Diatoms
Food Vacuole
Used for holding and storing food that is being digested.
Contractile vacuole
Regulates the amount of water in a cell.
Flagellum
Used for locomotion in some organisms.
Pellicle
A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane.
Chloroplast
An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Eyespot
A light-sensitive region that euglenas use to move toward regions of bright light.
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.
Nucleus
The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell’s main DNA.
Oral groove
Funnel depression in pellicle; sweeps food into the mouth pore.
What are large deposits of diatom remains called? List two uses of the deposits.
Diatomaceous Earth.
1) Large amounts are used by industry as a means of filtering liquids.
2) It is also used as an abrasive.
What is red tide?
A Gymnodinium Brevis bloom.
What two phyla principally contain macroscopic algae?
Rhodophyta - red algae. Phaeophyta - brown algae.
What substance produced by members of phylum Phaeophyta is useful for thickening ice-cream, pudding, salad dressing, and jelly beans?
Alginic Acid.
