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Apologia Biology Study Guide > Module #3 > Flashcards

Module #3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pseudopod

A

A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food.

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2
Q

Vacuole

A

A membrane-bound “sac” within a cell.

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3
Q

Ectoplasm

A

The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells.

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4
Q

Endoplasm

A

The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells.

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5
Q

Flagellate

A

A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum.

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6
Q

Chlorophyll

A

A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.

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7
Q

Symbiosis

A

A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits.

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8
Q

Mutualism

A

A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.

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9
Q

Commensalism

A

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.

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10
Q

Parasitism

A

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed.

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11
Q

Spore

A

A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.

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12
Q

Plankton

A

Tiny organisms that float in the water.

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13
Q

Zooplankton

A

Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa.

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14
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae.

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15
Q

Thallus

A

The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems.

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16
Q

Cellulose

A

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.

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17
Q

Holdfast

A

A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself.

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18
Q

Sessile Colony

A

A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object.

19
Q

Which of the following genera contain organisms with chloroplasts? Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, Spirogyra.

A

Euglena & Spirogyra.

20
Q

What is the function of a contractile vacuole? What is the difference between this and a food vacuole?

A

Contractile vacuoles regulate the amount of water in the cell. Food vacuoles hold and store food while it is being digested.

21
Q

What is the difference between Endoplasm and Ectoplasm?

A

Both are cytoplasms, but Ectoplasm is thin and watery and is near the plasma membrane whereas Endoplasm is dense and found in the interior of the cell.

22
Q

The Amoeba and Euglena have different means of locomotion. How are they different? How are the similar?

A

An Amoeba moves by forming a pseudopod and pushing itself into that pseudopod, a Euglena whirls it’s flagellum and draws its cytoplasm into the central region of the cell (deforming the Euglena), then it re-extends itself forward.

23
Q

Name at least 3 pathogenic organisms from kingdom Protista.

A

Entamoeba Histolytica Coli, Mastigophorites, Balantidium Coli.

24
Q

For each of the phyla listed below, list the means of locomotion employed by the organisms in that phyla.
Sarcodina, Mastigophora, Ciliophora.

A

Sarcodina: Pseudopods, Mastigophora: Flagellum, Ciliophora: Cilia

25
Q

What are the main features that separate organisms into phylum Sporozoa?

A

The organisms method of Locomotion.

26
Q

A tapeworm is a parasite that feeds on the nutrients which the host eats, depriving the host of that nutrition. Trichonympha is a mastigophorite that lives in the gut of a termite, helping break down chemicals that the termite cannot break down on its own. Name the specific kind of symbiosis in each of these situations.

A

1) Parasitism

2) Mutualism

27
Q

Why do the ciliates have two nuclei? What is the purpose of each?

A

They both do different things. The macronucleus controls the paramecium’s metabolism. The micronucleus controls reproduction.

28
Q

What is the difference between the conjugation that occurs between paramecia and the conjugation that occurs between bacteria?

A

In conjugation between paramecia, they simply exchange DNA. Bacterium conjugation happens when the bacterium takes the others DNA.

29
Q

Two microorganisms groups are studied. In the first group, the organisms form hard shells around themselves when exposed to life-threatening conditions. If not exposed to those conditions, however, these organisms never form hard shells. The second group form hard shells around themselves as a natural part of their life cycle. Which group would be classified as coming from phyla Sporozoa?

A

The second group.

30
Q

What is the unique way Euglena obtains food?

A

Euglenas are both autotrophic and saprophytic. They can produce their own food via photosynthesis, but they also decompose the remains of dead organisms.

31
Q

Which phylum contains the organisms responsible for most of the photosynthesis that occurs on earth? What generic term is used to refer to these organisms?

A

Phylum: Chrysophyta. Generic Term: Diatoms

32
Q

Food Vacuole

A

Used for holding and storing food that is being digested.

33
Q

Contractile vacuole

A

Regulates the amount of water in a cell.

34
Q

Flagellum

A

Used for locomotion in some organisms.

35
Q

Pellicle

A

A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane.

36
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

37
Q

Eyespot

A

A light-sensitive region that euglenas use to move toward regions of bright light.

38
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.

39
Q

Nucleus

A

The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell’s main DNA.

40
Q

Oral groove

A

Funnel depression in pellicle; sweeps food into the mouth pore.

41
Q

What are large deposits of diatom remains called? List two uses of the deposits.

A

Diatomaceous Earth.

1) Large amounts are used by industry as a means of filtering liquids.
2) It is also used as an abrasive.

42
Q

What is red tide?

A

A Gymnodinium Brevis bloom.

43
Q

What two phyla principally contain macroscopic algae?

A

Rhodophyta - red algae. Phaeophyta - brown algae.

44
Q

What substance produced by members of phylum Phaeophyta is useful for thickening ice-cream, pudding, salad dressing, and jelly beans?

A

Alginic Acid.

Apologia Biology Study Guide (3 decks)

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