Module 3/4 Quiz Flashcards
what are the layers of the skin?
epidermis, dermis, subQ tissue
3 layers of epidermis?
melanin, carotene, vascular (everyone as all three)
where are sebaceous glands absent?
palms of hands and soles of feet
what is pallor?
white color change
what is erythemia?
red color change
what is jaundice?
yellow color change
what is generalized hypothermia?
induced due to surgery, fever, stroke, cardiac arrest
what is localized hypothermia?
immobilized extremity or IV fluid; arterial insufficiency
what is a primary lesion?
develops on previously unaltered or “normal” skin
what is a secondary lesion?
when a lesion changes over time or result from scratching; an infection
what are some examples of primary skin lesions?
macule and patch papule and plaque nodule and tumor vesicles and bulla wheal pustule cyst
what are some examples of secondary skin lesions?
crust scale licheninfection erosion ulcer fissure scar keloid
what are the characteristics of macule and patch? PRIMARY
flat non palpable discolored macule = <1 cm patch = >1 cm
what are some examples of macule and patch?
freckles, measles, vitiligo, petechiae
what are the characteristics of papule and plaque? PRIMARY
elevated solid palpable papules = <0.5 cm plaque = >0.5 cm any color
what are some examples of papule and plaque?
warts, psoriasis, actinic keratosis?
what are characteristics of nodule and tumor? PRIMARY
elevated solid hard or soft palpable nodules = 0.5-2 cm tumors = >2 cm
what are some examples of nodule and tumor?
lipoma, carcinoma, hemangioma
what are some characteristics of vesicle and bulla? PRIMARY
elevated fluid-filled round or oval superficial vesicle = <0.5 cm bulla = >0.5 cm
what are some examples of vesicle and bulla?
herpes, zoster, chickenpox, blister
what are some characteristics of pustules? PRIMARY
pus filled
what are some examples of pustules?
acne, impetigo, carbuncles
what are some characteristics of cysts? PRIMARY
sebaceous cysts, epidermal cysts
What are some characteristics of crust? SECONDARY
dry blood or pus
from burst vesicles or pustules
what are some examples of crust?
large crust = scabs!
what are some characteristics of scale? SECONDARY
shedding flakes
keratinized cells
flakiness
what are some examples of scale?
dandruff
psoriasis
eczema
what are some characteristics of lichenification? SECONDARY
rough and thickened
secondary to chronic irritation; itching
what are some examples of lichenification?
chronic dermatitis
what are some characteristics of erosion? SECONDARY
wearing away of superficial epidermis (outermost layer)
moist shallow depression (no bleeding)
no scar
what are some examples of erosion?
scratches, ruptured vesicles
what are some characteristics of ulcer? SECONDARY
deeper depression, loss of skin surface (bleeding)
irregular shape
extends into the dermis or subQ (will scar)
what are some examples of ulcers?
pressure ulcer, stasis ulcer
what are some characteristics of fissure? SECONDARY
break in skin surface
no relation to trauma
what are some examples of fissures?
cracks at the corners of the mouth, hands, athlete’s foot
what are some characteristics of scars? SECONDARY
fibrotic change irregular are of connective tissue (surgical, injury, acne scar) atrophic scarring (straie; thinning of epidermis)
what are some characteristics of keloids? SECONDARY
elevated, irregular
darkened, benign “tumors”
when do keloids usually occur?
surgeries, acne, piercings, infections and burns
what does annular mean? what are some examples?
circular
Ex. tines corporis (ringworm)
what does confluent mean?
lesions that run together
Ex. urticaria (hives)
what does discrete mean? what are some examples?
individual lesions
separate
Ex. wart, skin tags, acne
what does grouped mean? what are some examples?
appear in clusters
Ex. purpura, poison ivy
what is Zosterform? what are some examples?
linear along unilateral nerve route
Ex. herpes zoster (shingles)
what are the types of purpuric lesions (vessel bleeding)?
contusion (bruise): mechanical injury
ecchymosis: severe bruising and leakage of blood into the skin
petechiae: red, purple or brown bleeding from superficial capillaries, nonblanchable, tiny hemorrhages (1-3mm)
purpura: extensive patch of petechia and ecchymosis, red and nonblanchable, >3mm
what is diaper dermatitis?
red, moist, maculopapular patch
elderly or peds patients (incontinence)
infrequent diaper changes
what is candidiasis?
superficial fungal infection
aggravated by urine, feces, and heat
obese patients (breast and groin folds)
what are pressure injuries? what are some examples?
found over bony prominences
is the result of decreased blood circulation (ischemia= cell death)
found in heel, ischium, sacrum, elbow, scapula, vertebra, ankle, rib, shoulder
what is a stage 1 pressure ulcer?
non-blanchable erythema
light skin appears pink or reddened
dark skin? appears darker and also does not blanch
what is a stage 2 pressure ulcer?
partial-thickness skin loss
loss of epidermis with exposed dermis
superficial, appears like an open blister
what is a stage 3 pressure ulcer?
full-thickness skin loss
extends into subQ tissue (resembles crater)
fat, granulation tissue, rolled edges
no bone, tendon or muscle visible
what is a stage 4 pressure ulcer?
full-thickness skin/tissue loss
involves all skin layers
extends to bone, tendon and muscle
may have eschar (black, necrotic)
what is a deep tissue pressure injury?
localized
nonblanchable (deep red, maroon, purple)
skin may be intact
dark wound or blood-filled blister
common over coccyx, heels, sacrum and buttock
what is a pressure injury caused by a medical device?
injury caused by medical device
Ex. IV hub, cervical collar, stocking, oxygen cannula, tubing
what is basal cell carcinoma?
most common skin cancer
usually on face, ears, scalp, shoulders
small pink or red papule (large pore)
what is squamous cell carcinoma?
start from actinic keratinosis
red and dry scaly patch
usually on hands, head (baldness = high risk)
less common than basal, but grows rapidly
what is malignant melanoma?
arise from pre-existing moles brown or mixed pigment irregular and notched borders RF: tanning, aging, family history men? trunk and back women? legs and feet
what is the hair assessment?
inspection and palpation of the color, texture, distribution
(alopecia)
ask about lesions, skin breakdown, separation of hair, loss of hair
what is the nail assessment?
inspection and palpation of the shape and contour, consistency, and color
REMEMBER= capillary refill, smooth surface, slightly curved and flat
note any irregularities!
