Module 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is metabolism?
A
total balance of energy requirements in your body
2
Q
What does metabolism describe?
A
The intake of macromolecules, the storage of macromolecules, the breakdown of macromolecules and the creation of macromolecules
3
Q
What is anabolism?
A
formation
4
Q
what is catabolism?
A
breakdown
5
Q
What are carbohydrates?
A
sugars, starches, glycogen, fibre
6
Q
What is glucose?
A
The primary energy source of the body. Must be transported into cell
7
Q
How is glucose stored?
A
As glycogen
8
Q
What are good carbs?
A
complex carb
9
Q
What are bad carbs?
A
simple carbs
10
Q
What are lipids?
A
All types of fat stored in adipose tissue. Need transporters in blood
11
Q
What are proteins?
A
Chains of amino acids. Workhorse
12
Q
What are nucleic acids?
A
energy molecules and info storage molecules
13
Q
How is storage and use of energy influenced?
A
By food intake, food expenditure, fat stores, and basal metabolic rate
14
Q
How is metabolism regulated?
A
hormonally
15
Q
What happens if you eat too much and exercise too little?
A
anabolism
16
Q
What happens if you eat too little and exercise too much?
A
catabolism
17
Q
Where is insulin produced?
A
pancreatic b cells
18
Q
What does insulin do?
A
Maintains healthy levels of glucose in the blood
19
Q
How does insulin work?
A
binds to a receptor on extracellular surface, activates receptor, increases anabolism, stimulates endoscopes with glucose transporters to membrane, allowing for uptake
20
Q
How are lipids transported?
A
via lipoproteins forming. spherical complex called cholesterol
21
Q
What are the types of cholesterol?
A
chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL
22
Q
What is LDL?
A
transports cholesterol to tissues (Bad)
23
Q
What is HDL?
A
takes cholesterol to liver (good)
24
Q
What is high TAG, low HDL, and high LDL associated with?
A
cardiovascular disease
25
How are humans evolved to use excess energy?
store for fight/flight
26
Why is excess energy storage a problem in the modern world?
genes responsible for energy stroage are still present except humans are becoming sedentary, leading to biochemical, morphological, and physiological changes which increase disease risk
27
What are the issues with the obesity epidemic?
more children are overweight, more adults are overweight than underweight, increased risk of developing related diseases
28
How does location of fat stores change risk?
Different location indicatres different function which indicates different risk
29
Where is the majority of fat stored?
80-90% TAG storage subcutaneously in adipocytes in the abdomen thigh hip
30
At what rate is subcutaneous fat mobilized?
very slowly especially in women
31
What is the risk associated with subcutaneous fat stores?
Low
32
What is Visceral Fat?
10-20% of fat in TAG stores associated with the digestive tract
33
At what rate is visceral fat mobilized?
quickly. High rate of fat turnover, more responsive to hormones especially in males
34
What risk is associated with visceral fat?
high
35
What can obesity lead to?
diabetes, atherosclerosis, heart disease
36
What is Metabolism syndrome?
A health disorder that increases the risk of many chronic illnesses. Diagnosed when a patient has 3-5 risk factors
37
What are the risk factors associated with MetS?
visceral obesity, low HDL, high blood sugar, high TAG, hypertension
38
Who is Marianne?
A 49yo woman who struggles with weight, has family history of diabetes, has high BMI, waist circumference and BP
39
What did Marianne's blood work show?
high LDL, fasting blood glucose, and hemoglobin A1C levels
40
What is diabetes?
elevated blood sugar that can cause severe kidney, eye, nerve, heart and blood vessel damage due to no production of insulin or a lack of response to insulin
41
How did colonialism and the Indian act change FN lifestyles?
Created reserves, making their lifestyle sedentary, their diet less nutritious, and changed their healthcare practices
42
What is type 1 diabetes?
autoimmune disorder kills pancreatic b cells
43
What is type 2 diabetes?
insulin resistance and non-functional pancreatic b cells
44
How does insulin resistance come about/
if high glucose is constant, receptors change to allow for less binding, resulting in hyperglycaemia which causes B cells to secrete more insulin, damaging them
45
Why is type 1 diabetes treated with insulin but not type 2?
Since type 1 has no insulin production and type 2 still has some, insulin is not needed for type 2
46
What symptoms are associated with diabetes?
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
47
What are the two most important indicators of diabetes?
high BG, High Hb A1C
48
What was observed in Marianne's follow-up?
BG didn't drop, suggesting a genetic aspect, prescribed an antidiabetic
49
What innovations have been made in BG monitoring
patch based continuous glucose monitors allow for decreased fingerstick use
50
What is metformin?
glucophase that increases insulin sensitivity, decreases glucose absorption from diet, promotes glucose catabolism
51
What did Marianne's 10 week follow up show?
Hb A1C just above normal
Fasting BG: normal
BP: Just above normal
weight loss: 8kg
52
What happens in progression to severe type 2 diabetes?
loss of insulin response, production inability, vision loss, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, struggles in filtering BG, kidney blood vessel dmg, peripheral neuropathy in feet
53
At what age does diabetes usually occur?
T1: children
T2: 45+ although this # is dropping
54
What lifestyles are associated with diabetes?
low exercise and unhealthy diet in T2
55
Does family history increase the risk of diabetes?
yes
56
How does availability of health services affect Indigenous peoples?
lack of service and lack of culturally relevant resources (Indigenous diabetes health circle outlined historic indigenous diet)
57
How does housing affect Indigenous peoples?
increased rates of homelessness, forced to choose between housing and nutritious food
58
How does workplace affect indigenous peoples?
more hazardous jobs, more injury, more seasonal jobs, lack medical benefits, vulnerable to financial insecurity, decreased ability to buy healthy food
59
How Indigenous access to nutritious foods affected FN?
higher risk of food insecurity
60
Who is Ben?
55yo man who had an onset of right sided weakness and speech difficulty. Has T2 diabetes
61
What was the cause of ben's issue?
acute ischemic stroke where a clot blocks blood flow to one part of the brain
62
How was Ben's clot treated?
thrombolytic therapy with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator ti dissolve the clot
63
What is the suspected cause of Ben's stroke/
atherosclerosis
64
What is heart disease?
A broad term for conditions affecting cardiovascular health
65
What is incidence and mortality in FN?
higher for both (50% higher incidence)
66
What is atherosclerosis?
Thickening of arteries and major blood vessels caused by inflammation and plaque build-up
67
Where does atherosclerosis occur?
areas where the vessels are repeatedly injured causing damage to endothelial cells
68
What is the injury part of atherosclerosis?
Dmg caused by friction due to BP, smoking, hypertension, viruses etc...
LDL accumulates in these areas and is absorbed by into the vessel wall
69
What is the infiltration part of atherosclerosis?
LDL accumulation leads to more inflammation that recruits platelets, which also enter the cell wall
70
What is the lipid buildup phase of atherosclerosis?
macrophages engulf LDL, apoptose, leading to further inflammation. This inflammation and lipid debris are first visible signs of atheroclerosis. Smooth muscle cells also move into region and begin to engulf lipids
71
What is the complete plaque phase of atherosclerosis?
inflammation, infiltration, and lipid buildup snowball until full atherosclerotic lesion forms. collagen, debris and immune cells further increase plaque size
72
What is an embolism?
when a plaque ruptures and a piece creates a blockage downstream
73
What is Ben's medical history?
diabetes treated with metformin, BMI of 36 (obese), smoker for 25 years, quit 10 years ago, had chest pain 6mo ago, no anomalies, resolved itself
74
What socioeconomic factors affect FN communities?
poor access to care, low income, less social support, higher risk for CVD
75
What are protective factors for CVD?
high income, employment, education, social support, access to healthcare, decrease risk of CVD
76
What do doctors determine about ben?
high HR, high BP, normal O2 saturation indicates advanced atherosclerosis somewhere in his circulatory system
77
What were ben's test results?
mildly elevated BG, normal electrolytes, normal cardiac enzymes, normal ECG,
78
How did ben recover?
regained motor function of right side
79
What surgery was performed?
endarterectomy (open artery remove clot and plaque, close, resume function)q
80
What is Ben's prognosis?
regain full use of right side of body, successful surgery, may need stent, monitored for future lesions, statin therapy to lower cholesterol
81
