Module 3 Flashcards
My/o
Muscle
Sarc/o
Flesh
Cyst/o
Cell
Nucle/o
Nucleus
Fibr/o
Fiber
Disc/o
Flatten surface
Fasci/o
Fascia/Bundle
Strait/o
Stripe/Line
Act/o
Movement/Ray
Myos/o
Muscle
Trop/o
Change
Pon/o
Bridge
Hist/o
Tissue
Neur/o
Nerve
Vas/o
Blood Vessel
Kinesiol/o
Movement
Tract/o
Draw/ To pull
Endo-
Inner/Within
Micro-
Small
Macro-
Large
Trans-
Across/Through
Con-
Together/With
Peri-
Around/ Outer
Epi-
Upon/Over
-in
Denote protein
-ium
Membrane or Tissue
-tion
Act of or process of
-mere
Part or Segment
What are 4 types of tissues?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nerve
What are 3 types of muscle tissues?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
How many strands does each actin filament have?
2 strands
What are the strand’s bead-like subunits called?
G-actin (G=globular) or the actin monomer
What is the thick filament?
Myosin
What is the thin filament?
Actin
What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell called?
Sarcoplasm
What is the smooth ER called?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What are the plasma membrane of the muscle cell called?
Sacrolemma
What are the functions of sER in muscles cells?
Storage and release of calcium ions (to activate the contractile mechanism)
What are some characteristics of skeletal muscles?
- Multinucleated
-Striations - Voluntary actions
- Contraction is quick and strong
What are some characteristics of cardiac muscles?
-Cells are branched
- one cell will have a nucleus that is often surrounded by glycogen inclusion bodies
- this muscle has strong involuntary contractions
- glycogen is used for energy here
- the connections between the cells look like small bands which are called ‘Intercalated discs’.
What are some characteristics of smooth muscles?
- not very strong involuntary contractions
- e.g., in the walls of the alimentary canal, blood vessels, etc.
- muscle cells are fusiform (spindle) shaped and lack striations.
Where do skeletal muscles originate from? Then, what are they different into?
embryonic mesenchymal cells
Myoblasts
What are the function of satellites cells? Where are they located?
function in muscle repair after damage by undergoing cell division and making new fibers when needed.
they can be found attached to the muscle fiber on the outside of the sarcolemma
What is the dense connective tissue that covers the entire muscle? What are the two things it connects to?
Epimysium
Bone and the muscle
The muscle is made of numerous __________. These _________ are covered by a perimysium.
Fascicle
Which connective tissue is thinner? (Perimysium or epimysium)
Perimysium
What is the myofibrils in the arrangement of Sarcomere?
End to end series of sacromeres makes 1 myofibril
What is the contractile unit of a muscle fibers that spans from Z-disc to Z-disc?
Sarcomere
What is the actin made up of? What does it polymerizes? What type of binding site does it have? What band is it in within the sarcomere?
G-actin/ Globular actin subunits
G-actin polymerizes to form F-actin/ Fibrous actin
Every G-actin monomer has a ‘Myosin-binding site’
Two F-actin chains intertwine
It occupies the I-band of the sarcomere
What is the function of Tropomyosin?
Tropomyosin keeps the myosin-binding sites of Actin covered when not in action.
What is the function of Troponin?
The troponin has 3 subunits- TnT which binds to tropomyosin, TnC which binds to Ca++ and TnI which mediates the interaction between Actin and Myosin.
What happens when a signal comes from the motor nerve?
The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases its reserves of Ca, Ca binds to the Ca binding site of troponin, troponin transduces this signal to tropomyosin through its TnT subunit and tropomyosin displaces itself, thus exposing the myosin-binding sites on the F-actin.
How are the myosin heads arranged?
Several myosin molecules are arranged together to form the ‘Thick filament’
The myosin heads are directed outwards and sticks out of the filament
What makes up a sarcomere?
Z disc to Z disc
I band
- actin
- titin
A band
- actin and myosin crossover
H zone
- myosin
M line
- middle of sarcomere
- middle of myosin
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
It is the smooth ER of the skeletal muscle fiber/skeletal muscle cell, and it stores Ca.
What is the Tube-like structures that extend down from the sarcolemma, surround the myofibrils around the junction of the I and the A bands?
T-Tubules
How does the depolarization of a sarcolemma?
this depolarization travels through the T-tubules and triggers the release of Ca from the adjacent cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. The calcium binds to the TnC subunit of troponin- which causes a displacement of the tropomyosin and exposes the Myosin-binding sites on the F-actin.
What neurotransmitter is released by triggering the nerve impulse?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
What does ACh binding to the ACh receptors on the sarcolemma trigger the release of?
Triggers the release of Ca from the SER cisternae into the sarcoplasm Ca ions bind to troponin.
What causes the conformational change of tropomyosin and cause it to move away from the from the myosin-binding sites on the F-actin?
Troponin
What is the sliding filament theory?
ADP+Pi bound myosin head can now bind to Actin forming a ‘Cross-bridge’. When myosin head binds to actin, it brings a conformational change in the myosin head and causes it to pivot. The energy for pivoting comes from the hydrolysis of ATP that had occured before the myosin-actin crossbridge was formed.
What are the coordination contraction of the smooth muscles called?
peristalsis
What is the cell shape for skeletal muscles? Cardiac muscles? Smooth muscles?
How many nucleus for skeletal muscles? What are the location of the nucleus?
Cardiac muscles?
Smooth muscles?
What are the fibers made of for skeletal muscles? Cardiac muscles? Smooth muscles?
Are striation present or absent for skeletal muscles? Cardiac muscles? Smooth muscles?
What is the efferent innervation and contraction type for skeletal muscles? Cardiac muscles? Smooth muscles?
What are the regeneration capacity for skeletal muscles? Cardiac muscles? Smooth muscles?
Where is skeletal muscles found in the body? Cardiac muscles? Smooth muscles?
