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HSS4102 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Does the fetal brain change shape during labour?

A

yes

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2
Q

what 2 perspectives of development are looked at for brain development?

A
  1. structural development
  2. behavioural development
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3
Q

What 4 areas of a child’s brain are affected during development?

A
  1. motor
  2. language and communication
  3. social and emotional
  4. cognitive
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4
Q

What does the neural plate give rise to?

A

the neural tube

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5
Q

what develops from the neural tube?

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

what does the ectoderm overlying the notochord generate into>

A

entire nervous system

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7
Q

what are the 3 important cell types in the CNS?

A
  1. neurons
  2. glial cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes)
  3. microglia (brain and immune type cells)
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8
Q

What are the 7 different growth and development stages we will look at for neurons?

A
  1. birth
  2. migration
  3. differentiation
  4. maturation
  5. synaptogenesis
  6. synaptic pruning
  7. myelogenesis
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9
Q

What cells are in cell birth?

A
  1. neural stem cell
  2. neural progenitor cell
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10
Q

what is a neural stem cell?

A

gives rise to neural progenitor cells
self-renewing

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11
Q

what is a neural progenitor cell?

A

precursor cell
migrates and produces a neuron or glial cell

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12
Q

What cells does cell migration consists of ?

A

radial glial cells

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13
Q

what is a radial glial cell?

A

path-making cell that a neuroblast follows to get to its appropriate destination
migrates to inner then outer layers (ventral to dorsal)

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14
Q

What happens in cell differentiation for neurons?

A

complete at birth

signals are secreted by one embryonic tissue or layer and acts on others adjacent tissues

to make different jobs for neurons?

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15
Q

What is involved in cell maturation in neurons?

A

axon growth

dendrite growth

still continues into adulthood

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16
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

formation of synapses
very fast in 1st 12 months of life

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17
Q

What is cell death and synaptic pruning

A

decrease in number of cells and connections

old synapses get rid of and create more space for new synapses to form (use it or lose it)

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18
Q

What is myelogenesis?

A

formation of myelin
begins after birth
continues into early adulthood

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19
Q

When does birth of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes begin?

A

after most neurogenesis is complete

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20
Q

most of the critical windows of brain development are all throughout pregnancy true or false

A

true

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21
Q

What are the 5 environmental exposures underlying DOHaD?

A
  1. nutritional exposure
  2. maternal (fetal) gut microbiome
  3. infection/inflammation
  4. birth trauma
  5. post-natal environment (abnormal vs enriched)
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22
Q

What is the risk with prenatal inflammation?

A

risk factor of neurodevelopmental disorders

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23
Q

Does each stage of pregnancy have a unique inflammatory environment? if so, what are they?

A

yes
first and third = proinflammatory
second = anti-inflammatory

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24
Q

What is a causal link to inflammation in pregnancy and pre-tern birth

A

infection!

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25
what is perinatal hypoxia and what can occur?
immature lung development injures vulnerable neurons and glia
26
What is chorioamnionitis?
ascending bacterial infection inflammation of fetal membranes (amnion, chorion)
27
What do pregnant people with HIV on Antiretroviral therapy experience (x4)?
- immune dysfunction - inflammation - metabolic abnormalities - intestinal dysbiosis
28
what do infants who are infected with HIV experience?
- poor growth after birth - poor cognitive development after birth - have more frequent 2ndary infections -greater risk for disease later in life
29
is the population rising for infants who are born HIV exposed but uninfected?
YES!
30
infants who are born HIV exposed but uninfected experience what?
-poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in... 1. cognitive 2. expressive language -difference in head circumference
31
What are two nutritional interventions for neurodevelopment in HIV exposed, unifected infants?
1. IYCF + WASH 2. multivitamin
32
How can ZIKA virus affect brain development?
- reduced postnatal neurogenesis *** - brain and skull are much smaller - neuron development is hindered - preterm birth - fetal growth restriction - seizures - motor issues
33
What is the effect of depression on brain development in the third trimester?
externalizing behaviour in males --> violent, aggressive, acting out - mean diffusivity of right amygdala
34
What is "2 hit hypothesis" in post natal hypothesis?
first hit = during prentatal period for genetic suscept. and insult second hit = additional insult during postnatal period that amplifies first hit lead to Disease later on in life
35
What is post-natal enrichment and what are the benefits to it?
opportunity to mitigate the effects of the first hit improves developmental and health trajectories (absence of disease) ex: school, nurittion, learning new skills, etc..
36
How can socioemotional deprivation affect brain development?
reduced neural connectivity lower total brain volume
37
What does ACE stand for and what is it associated with?
Adverse Childhood Experiences abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction associated with poor mental health outcomes and chronic inflammation
38
Did environmental enrichment improve the negative outcomes (neurodvlpmtnl changes, cogntive changes, behaviour changes) of prenatal stress?
YES
39
Did environmental enrichment improve with probiotic supplementation for ADHD or ASD?
yes
40
What does the HPA axis stand for?
Hypothalmus Pituitary Adrenal cortex
41
What does the HPA axis do?
controls synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids
42
what is the human stress hormone called?
cortisol
43
What are 2 things that are bad about stress?
1. timing 2. amount of stress (too much = bad)
44
What are the 5 steps of the HPA axis?
look on slide 7-8
45
What two environments control the production and release of glucocorticoids by the HPA axis?
1. during circadian rhythm 2. during stress response
46
What are functions of glucocorticoids?
- mediates stress response - regulates energy and metabolism - CVD regulation - modulates immune system/inflammation - reproductive and developmental hormone ***
47
What do GCs provide during gestation?
critical signals for - organ maturation - timing of parturition
48
is the placenta a GC barrier?
yes - specifically placneta 11B-HSD-2 (converts it into inactive cortisol)
49
If there is too much or wrong timing during fetal development with exposure to GCs, what could that modify?
- fetal hpa axis function - brain development - endocrine and metabolic function after birth
50
What is the effects of GC-specifically antenatal corticosteroids (synthetic GCs)- in respect to preterm birth?
- speed up maturation of organs, especially FETAL LUNGS -reduced placental barrier with synthetics - long term: increased potential for diabetes (insulin resistance), decrease in birthweight/body length/head size - decreased cortical volume and complexity of cortical folding. - limbic and prefrontal regions affected - HPA axis affected
51
How was the limbic system affected by sGCs?
affects ability to control and manage uncomfortable emotions ---> increased risk for mental health disorders??? cortical thinning and smaller in size
52
How was HPA axis affected by sGCs?
vulnerable to stress related disorders increased cortisol reactivity to acute psychosocial stress reduced basal and stress-induced cortisol secretion in neonates
53
What can chronic stress exposure lead to?
dysregulation of the stress response - changes in cellular processes and organ function
54
What are two ways prenatal maternal stress experienced?
1. physiological 2. psychological (unemployment, death, abuse, etc..)
55
How do GCs effect preterm birth with maternal stress?
- programming effect on organ systems - altered HPA function , increased stress response - behavioural and cognitive alterations - risk of non-communicable diseases - metabolic dysfunction - long term changes in stress reactivity -neuropsych vulnerability
56
Do males put more into fetal growth than females
yes!
57
Are males or females more vulnerable to maternal stress altering development and sensitivity of offspring HPA stress axis?
males --> increased offspring GC stress sensitivity
58
What is serotonin (5-HT)?
neurotransmitter vasoconstrictor critical for fetal brain development early source for fetal brain development = placenta later source =serotonergic neurons in fetal brain
59
does the placenta regulate the fetal exposure to serotonin?
yes --> rich source of MAO A
60
How does maternal stress relate to serotonin?
maternal stress --> decreased placenta expression of MAO A (barrier decreases) ---> increased fetal exposure to serotonin
61
do early life exposures to stress affect child later in life?
YES!! ---> increased HPA activity and exacerbated responses to stressors throughout life
62
does maternal care have a big impact on early life exposures to stress and impacts later on in life?
YES --> remember the licking and grooming study with mice!
63
MAternal care and early life stress exposure is linked to what receptor being methylated?
GR receptor in the hippocampus (high maternal care = less GR gene, low maternal care = high GR gene)
64
If a mouse was exposed to short term stress, how did it affect them? If a mouse was exposed to long term stress, how did it affect them?
short term --> decreased HPA activity and depressed responses to stressors throughout life long term --> INCREASED HPA activity
65
How does breastfeeding affect stress of infants?
decreases GR gene being methylated --> reduces cortisol reactivity in breast feeding infants ---> less stressed
66
How does "kangeroo care" (skin to skin contact between infant and caregiver) affect neonate?
reduces fetal stress and pain increased paternal bonding decreased post partum depression
67
how does kangeroo care affect preterm infants?
- improved body temp, respiration rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation - reduced HPA activity and decreased cortisol levels - improved executive function (5 and 10 yrs)
68
Can the HPA axis be programmed during development and infer risk to the offspring later in life?
yes
69
can inappropriate exposures to GC and other stress hormones, maternal inflammation, and post natal environment be stimuli for programming the HPA axis?
YES!!
70
read over lecture slides too

HSS4102 (7 decks)

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