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HSS4102 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Does the fetal brain change shape during labour?

A

yes

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2
Q

what 2 perspectives of development are looked at for brain development?

A
  1. structural development
  2. behavioural development
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3
Q

What 4 areas of a child’s brain are affected during development?

A
  1. motor
  2. language and communication
  3. social and emotional
  4. cognitive
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4
Q

What does the neural plate give rise to?

A

the neural tube

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5
Q

what develops from the neural tube?

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

what does the ectoderm overlying the notochord generate into>

A

entire nervous system

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7
Q

what are the 3 important cell types in the CNS?

A
  1. neurons
  2. glial cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes)
  3. microglia (brain and immune type cells)
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8
Q

What are the 7 different growth and development stages we will look at for neurons?

A
  1. birth
  2. migration
  3. differentiation
  4. maturation
  5. synaptogenesis
  6. synaptic pruning
  7. myelogenesis
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9
Q

What cells are in cell birth?

A
  1. neural stem cell
  2. neural progenitor cell
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10
Q

what is a neural stem cell?

A

gives rise to neural progenitor cells
self-renewing

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11
Q

what is a neural progenitor cell?

A

precursor cell
migrates and produces a neuron or glial cell

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12
Q

What cells does cell migration consists of ?

A

radial glial cells

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13
Q

what is a radial glial cell?

A

path-making cell that a neuroblast follows to get to its appropriate destination
migrates to inner then outer layers (ventral to dorsal)

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14
Q

What happens in cell differentiation for neurons?

A

complete at birth

signals are secreted by one embryonic tissue or layer and acts on others adjacent tissues

to make different jobs for neurons?

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15
Q

What is involved in cell maturation in neurons?

A

axon growth

dendrite growth

still continues into adulthood

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16
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

formation of synapses
very fast in 1st 12 months of life

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17
Q

What is cell death and synaptic pruning

A

decrease in number of cells and connections

old synapses get rid of and create more space for new synapses to form (use it or lose it)

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18
Q

What is myelogenesis?

A

formation of myelin
begins after birth
continues into early adulthood

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19
Q

When does birth of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes begin?

A

after most neurogenesis is complete

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20
Q

most of the critical windows of brain development are all throughout pregnancy true or false

A

true

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21
Q

What are the 5 environmental exposures underlying DOHaD?

A
  1. nutritional exposure
  2. maternal (fetal) gut microbiome
  3. infection/inflammation
  4. birth trauma
  5. post-natal environment (abnormal vs enriched)
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22
Q

What is the risk with prenatal inflammation?

A

risk factor of neurodevelopmental disorders

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23
Q

Does each stage of pregnancy have a unique inflammatory environment? if so, what are they?

A

yes
first and third = proinflammatory
second = anti-inflammatory

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24
Q

What is a causal link to inflammation in pregnancy and pre-tern birth

A

infection!

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25
Q

what is perinatal hypoxia and what can occur?

A

immature lung development
injures vulnerable neurons and glia

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26
Q

What is chorioamnionitis?

A

ascending bacterial infection
inflammation of fetal membranes (amnion, chorion)

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27
Q

What do pregnant people with HIV on Antiretroviral therapy experience (x4)?

A
  • immune dysfunction
  • inflammation
  • metabolic abnormalities
  • intestinal dysbiosis
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28
Q

what do infants who are infected with HIV experience?

A
  • poor growth after birth
  • poor cognitive development after birth
  • have more frequent 2ndary infections
    -greater risk for disease later in life
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29
Q

is the population rising for infants who are born HIV exposed but uninfected?

A

YES!

30
Q

infants who are born HIV exposed but uninfected experience what?

A

-poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in…
1. cognitive
2. expressive language

-difference in head circumference

31
Q

What are two nutritional interventions for neurodevelopment in HIV exposed, unifected infants?

A
  1. IYCF + WASH
  2. multivitamin
32
Q

How can ZIKA virus affect brain development?

A
  • reduced postnatal neurogenesis ***
  • brain and skull are much smaller
  • neuron development is hindered
  • preterm birth
  • fetal growth restriction
  • seizures
  • motor issues
33
Q

What is the effect of depression on brain development in the third trimester?

A

externalizing behaviour in males –> violent, aggressive, acting out

  • mean diffusivity of right amygdala
34
Q

What is “2 hit hypothesis” in post natal hypothesis?

A

first hit = during prentatal period for genetic suscept. and insult

second hit = additional insult during postnatal period that amplifies first hit

lead to Disease later on in life

35
Q

What is post-natal enrichment and what are the benefits to it?

A

opportunity to mitigate the effects of the first hit

improves developmental and health trajectories (absence of disease)

ex: school, nurittion, learning new skills, etc..

36
Q

How can socioemotional deprivation affect brain development?

A

reduced neural connectivity
lower total brain volume

37
Q

What does ACE stand for and what is it associated with?

A

Adverse Childhood Experiences

abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction

associated with poor mental health outcomes and chronic inflammation

38
Q

Did environmental enrichment improve the negative outcomes (neurodvlpmtnl changes, cogntive changes, behaviour changes) of prenatal stress?

A

YES

39
Q

Did environmental enrichment improve with probiotic supplementation for ADHD or ASD?

A

yes

40
Q

What does the HPA axis stand for?

A

Hypothalmus
Pituitary
Adrenal cortex

41
Q

What does the HPA axis do?

A

controls synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids

42
Q

what is the human stress hormone called?

A

cortisol

43
Q

What are 2 things that are bad about stress?

A
  1. timing
  2. amount of stress (too much = bad)
44
Q

What are the 5 steps of the HPA axis?

A

look on slide 7-8

45
Q

What two environments control the production and release of glucocorticoids by the HPA axis?

A
  1. during circadian rhythm
  2. during stress response
46
Q

What are functions of glucocorticoids?

A
  • mediates stress response
  • regulates energy and metabolism
  • CVD regulation
  • modulates immune system/inflammation
  • reproductive and developmental hormone ***
47
Q

What do GCs provide during gestation?

A

critical signals for
- organ maturation
- timing of parturition

48
Q

is the placenta a GC barrier?

A

yes - specifically placneta 11B-HSD-2 (converts it into inactive cortisol)

49
Q

If there is too much or wrong timing during fetal development with exposure to GCs, what could that modify?

A
  • fetal hpa axis function
  • brain development
  • endocrine and metabolic function after birth
50
Q

What is the effects of GC-specifically antenatal corticosteroids (synthetic GCs)- in respect to preterm birth?

A
  • speed up maturation of organs, especially FETAL LUNGS
    -reduced placental barrier with synthetics
  • long term: increased potential for diabetes (insulin resistance), decrease in birthweight/body length/head size
  • decreased cortical volume and complexity of cortical folding.
  • limbic and prefrontal regions affected
  • HPA axis affected
51
Q

How was the limbic system affected by sGCs?

A

affects ability to control and manage uncomfortable emotions —> increased risk for mental health disorders???

cortical thinning and smaller in size

52
Q

How was HPA axis affected by sGCs?

A

vulnerable to stress related disorders

increased cortisol reactivity to acute psychosocial stress

reduced basal and stress-induced cortisol secretion in neonates

53
Q

What can chronic stress exposure lead to?

A

dysregulation of the stress response
- changes in cellular processes and organ function

54
Q

What are two ways prenatal maternal stress experienced?

A
  1. physiological
  2. psychological (unemployment, death, abuse, etc..)
55
Q

How do GCs effect preterm birth with maternal stress?

A
  • programming effect on organ systems
  • altered HPA function , increased stress response
  • behavioural and cognitive alterations
  • risk of non-communicable diseases
  • metabolic dysfunction
  • long term changes in stress reactivity
    -neuropsych vulnerability
56
Q

Do males put more into fetal growth than females

A

yes!

57
Q

Are males or females more vulnerable to maternal stress altering development and sensitivity of offspring HPA stress axis?

A

males –> increased offspring GC stress sensitivity

58
Q

What is serotonin (5-HT)?

A

neurotransmitter
vasoconstrictor
critical for fetal brain development
early source for fetal brain development = placenta
later source =serotonergic neurons in fetal brain

59
Q

does the placenta regulate the fetal exposure to serotonin?

A

yes –> rich source of MAO A

60
Q

How does maternal stress relate to serotonin?

A

maternal stress –> decreased placenta expression of MAO A (barrier decreases) —> increased fetal exposure to serotonin

61
Q

do early life exposures to stress affect child later in life?

A

YES!! —> increased HPA activity and exacerbated responses to stressors throughout life

62
Q

does maternal care have a big impact on early life exposures to stress and impacts later on in life?

A

YES –> remember the licking and grooming study with mice!

63
Q

MAternal care and early life stress exposure is linked to what receptor being methylated?

A

GR receptor in the hippocampus
(high maternal care = less GR gene, low maternal care = high GR gene)

64
Q

If a mouse was exposed to short term stress, how did it affect them? If a mouse was exposed to long term stress, how did it affect them?

A

short term –> decreased HPA activity and depressed responses to stressors throughout life

long term –> INCREASED HPA activity

65
Q

How does breastfeeding affect stress of infants?

A

decreases GR gene being methylated –> reduces cortisol reactivity in breast feeding infants —> less stressed

66
Q

How does “kangeroo care” (skin to skin contact between infant and caregiver) affect neonate?

A

reduces fetal stress and pain

increased paternal bonding
decreased post partum depression

67
Q

how does kangeroo care affect preterm infants?

A
  • improved body temp, respiration rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation
  • reduced HPA activity and decreased cortisol levels
  • improved executive function (5 and 10 yrs)
68
Q

Can the HPA axis be programmed during development and infer risk to the offspring later in life?

A

yes

69
Q

can inappropriate exposures to GC and other stress hormones, maternal inflammation, and post natal environment be stimuli for programming the HPA axis?

A

YES!!

70
Q

read over lecture slides too

A

HSS4102 (7 decks)

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