Module 3

Question 1

A mammal that has adapted to aquatic life and relies on the ocean to maintain a healthy , livable experience

Answer 1

Marine mammal

Question 2

Where can you find marine mammals

Answer 2

All of the world’s major oceans

Question 3

Common characteristics found in marine mammals

Answer 3

1. Marine mammals breath air
2. Marine mammals are warm-blooded
3. Marine mammals give birth to their offspring
4. Marine mammals produce milk

Question 4

Why do marine mammals need to come up to the surface to breath air?

Answer 4

They’ll drown

Question 5

How do marine mammals maintain their body heat?

Answer 5

a. consume large quantities of calories
b. develop thick layer of fat (blubber)

Question 6

What animas do not lay eggs?

Answer 6

Whales

Question 7

Help marine mammals produce milk which they use to feed their children

Answer 7

Mammary Glands

Question 8

Composition of milk of marine mammals

Answer 8

Full of fat and nutrients

Question 9

How many recorded marine mammal species are inhibiting the ocean and native aquatic environments of the world?

Answer 9

125

Question 10

Marie mammal species with sub groups

Answer 10

1. Cetaceans
2. Fissipeds
3. Pinnipeds
4. Ursidae
5. Sea otters
6. Sirenians

Question 11

Cetaceans include?

Answer 11

whales, dolphins, and porpoises

Question 12

Pinnipeds include?

Answer 12

seals, fur seals, sea lions, walruses

Question 13

Ursidae inclue?

Answer 13

polar bears

Question 14

Sirenians include?

Answer 14

manatees, dugongs

Question 15

What marine mammal group/s live in the ocean?

Answer 15

Cetaceans and Sirenians

Question 16

What marine mammal group/s live in the land (land dwellers) but rely on the ocean for food and water supply?

Answer 16

bears, pinnipeds, and fissipeds

Question 17

Fish and aquatic animals are directly influenced by what?

Answer 17

chemical, biological, and physical characteristics of their aquatic environment.

Question 18

In natural environments (coral reefs) water is chemically, biologically, and physically ___?

Answer 18

Stable; due to the presence of large volume of water and currents

Question 19

Subjected to quick and large changes in water conditions?

Answer 19

Aquarium

Question 20

Aquariums, compared to lakes or oceans have _____ that cause a much easier affected habitat due to the potential fluctuations of the ideal water parameters?

Answer 20

Relatively small water volumes

Question 21

Changes in aquatic environment are the result of what?

Answer 21

1. various biochemical processes
2. metabolic activities of all living things living in the aquarium (fish, invertebrates, algae, bacteria)

Question 22

What will happen if chemicals are allowed to accumulate to levels above what aquarium inhabitants can tolerate?

Answer 22

Death

Question 23

Toxicity of chemicals are lethal in what concentrations?

Answer 23

Low concentrations

Question 24

How to avoid toxicity in the aquarium?

Answer 24

Constant attention must be given to the ideal water conditions

Question 25

A physical characteristic that greatly influence the organisms living in it

Answer 25

Temperature

Question 26

Why are fish and invertebrates directly affected with water temperature?

Answer 26

They are cold-blooded species

Question 27

How does water temperature affect fish and invertebrates?

Answer 27

a. activity b. feeding habits c. immune system d. other metabolic functions

Question 28

Marine fish and invertebrates are very sensitive to?

Answer 28

Rapid temperature fluctuations

Question 29

How to avoid or minimize rapid temperature fluctuations

Answer 29

Maintain the right consistent temperature range

Question 30

At higher temperatures;

Answer 30

↑ of fish metabolism ↑ need of food ↑ metabolic waste = ↑ toxic levels

Question 31

O2 dissolves more readily in?

Answer 31

Cooler water

Question 32

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water

Answer 32

pH

Question 33

Range of pH

Answer 33

0-14

Question 34

Neutral range of pH

Answer 34

pH 7

Question 35

Acceptable pH for marine water

Answer 35

8.0-8.3

Question 36

pH range of freshwater

Answer 36

6.5-8.5 (depending on fish species)

Question 37

Not all freshwater fish are compatible in the same aquarium due to the ranges of pH

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

If the pH in an aquarium if lower?

Answer 38

Water is acidic

Question 39

Chemicals that occur naturally and stabilize fluctuations in pH

Answer 39

Buffers

Question 40

Are widely available and used to keep the water at the desired pH by adding it to the water

Answer 40

Buffers

Question 41

Why should you have a correct pH for the livestock of your aquarium

Answer 41

It is important for surival

Question 42

pH of water affects?

Answer 42

vital biological chemical processes

Question 43

What happens if the pH is not right?

Answer 43

vital biological process cannot occur; life cannot be sustained

Question 44

Most toxic product in water

Answer 44

Ammonia

Question 45

How is ammonia formed

Answer 45

Naturally formed from the biological processes in the aquarium

Question 46

Two forms of ammonia

Answer 46

NH3 (un-ionized) and NH4 (ionized)

Question 47

What do you call the sum of the two forms of ammonia

Answer 47

Total ammonia

Question 48

Both forms of ammonia exist in water

Answer 48

TRUE

Question 49

The proportion of each form of ammonia is dependent on what factors?

Answer 49

pH, temperature, and other factors

Question 50

What form of ammonia is extremely toxic?

Answer 50

NH3

Question 51

↑ pH (alkaline)

Answer 51

↑ concentration of NH3

Question 52

How is ammonia broken down

Answer 52

It is broken down naturally into Nitrite and Nitrite by beneficial bacteria

Question 53

Ammonia is converted into Nitrite by what beneficial bacteria?

Answer 53

Nitrosomonas

Question 54

Intermediate step of the conversion of Ammonia into Nitrate?

Answer 54

Nitrite

Question 55

What happens to Nitrite once beneficial bacteria have bee established?

Answer 55

Nitrite detection is often impossible

Question 56

Nitrite is (less toxic / more toxic) than Ammonia

Answer 56

less toxic

Question 57

Nitrite is somewhat toxic to?

Answer 57

Animals

Question 58

How can nitrite be toxic to animals?

Answer 58

It binds with RBC, preventing the uptake of DO

Question 59

A main concern during the set up or cycling of a new aquarium

Answer 59

Nitrite buildup

Question 60

The last nitrogen compound in the denitrification side of the nitrogen cycle

Answer 60

Nitrate

Question 61

Not as toxic as Nitrite; far less toxic than Ammonia to fish and invertebrates

Answer 61

Nitrate

Question 62

Nitrate concentrations in water increases as a result of?

Answer 62

Nitrogen cycle

Question 63

An essential fertilizer that algae feed on

Answer 63

Nitrate

Question 64

An abundance of Nitrate enables ___?

Answer 64

Unattractive algal blooms

Question 65

Convert Nitrate back to Ammonia on the presence of aquariums because of the presence of oxygen in the aquarium environment

Answer 65

Anaerobic bacteria

Question 66

What is the best way to control Nitrate?

Answer 66

Periodic water changes

Question 67

Nitrate is stressful to all aquatic animals at?

Answer 67

Elevated levels

Question 68

Are there some organism that can tolerate elevated Nitrate levels?

Answer 68

YES

Question 69

What organisms cannot survive elevated nitrogen levels

Answer 69

Invertebrates; corals

Question 70

Higher nitrate concentrations causes stress to ___?

Answer 70

New animals added to a display

Question 71

How to reduce nitrate concentration

Answer 71

water changes

Question 72

Fish and other invertebrates need ____ as part of their respiration process?

Answer 72

oxygen

Question 73

Plants need ___ in the dark or nighttime phase of their photosynthesis

Answer 73

Oxygen

Question 74

Incorporate plenty of dissolved oxygen into the aquarium water

Answer 74

Water filtration and aeration devices

Question 75

It is unlikely that low oxygen levels might occur in the aquarium water

Answer 75

TRUE

Question 76

More important to the saltwater hobbyist than the freshwater hobbyist

Answer 76

Calcium concentration

Question 77

Who consumes calcium?

Answer 77

Calcifying plants (coralline algae and corals)

Question 78

Ideal calcium level in home marine aquarium

Answer 78

400 ppm

Question 79

What cannot grow wiithout an adequate concentration of calcium

Answer 79

corals

Question 80

Calcium concentration plays a role in?

Answer 80

Stabilizing the pH of the aquarium

Question 81

How can you monitor calcium

Answer 81

Test kits

Question 82

The capacity to buffer against fluctuation in pH

Answer 82

Alkalinity

Question 83

How is alkalinity provided in the aquarium

Answer 83

various negatively charged ions: 1. carbonates 2. bicarbonates 3. borates 4. hydroxides

Question 84

Reasons of confusion in alkalinity

Answer 84

1. Carbonate Hardness has been used as an interchangeable term for alkalinity 2. Other compounds are involved in the contribution to the water's alkalinity (borates, hydroxides)

Question 85

Describes the amount of carbonate or bicarbonate dissolved in the water

Answer 85

Carbonate Hardness

Question 86

What contributes to the undesirable growth of algae and in high concentrations can negatively affect the health of invertebrates

Answer 86

Phosphates

Question 87

Where do Phosphates come from

Answer 87

a. the digestion of food by aquarium animals, b. decay of excess food c. some activated carbon products

Question 88

Is the major reason for increasing concentration of Phosphates.

Answer 88

Overfeeding

Question 89

Effective ways to remove phosphates

Answer 89

Water changes and phosphate removing products

Question 90

Phosphate can occur in both _________ forms and not all testing equipment measures both.

Answer 90

organic and inorganic

Question 91

Ideal water condition that is applicable to marine aquariums only

Answer 91

Salinity

Question 92

The ratio of dissolved salt in the water compared to pure water

Answer 92

Specific gravity/density of water

Question 93

Specific gravity of pure water

Answer 93

1.00

Question 94

Specific gravity ratio range for marine aquariums

Answer 94

1.018 - 1.025

Question 95

Is a device that measures specific gravity

Answer 95

Hydrometer

Question 96

Fish reproductive organs

Answer 96

testes and ovaries

Question 97

In most species, these are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused

Answer 97

Gonads

Question 98

There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness

Answer 98

TRUE

Question 99

Is a small, fleshy tube behind the anus in some fishes, from which the sperm or eggs are released

Answer 99

Genital papilla

Question 100

How can you determine the sex of a fish?

Answer 100

By the shape of its papilla

Question 101

Exclusively marine animals have a bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head and a set of arms or tentacles modified from the primitive molluscan foot

Answer 101

Cephalopod

Question 102

Peculiarity of some cephalopoda

Answer 102

penis elongation may result in a penis that is as long as the mantle, head, arms combined

Question 103

Cnidarian Lifestyle

Answer 103

egg - planula - polyp - medusae

Question 104

Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria and Cnetophora

Answer 104

a. Radial symmetry with true tissues; b. cup/bell shaped c. Have stinging cells called nematocysts to help capture food d. Sting can be fatal to humans

Question 105

Examples of Cnidaria and Cnetophora

Answer 105

hydra; jellyfish; corals; sea anemones