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Marine Biology Midterms > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A mammal that has adapted to aquatic life and relies on the ocean to maintain a healthy , livable experience

A

Marine mammal

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2
Q

Where can you find marine mammals

A

All of the world’s major oceans

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3
Q

Common characteristics found in marine mammals

A
  1. Marine mammals breath air
  2. Marine mammals are warm-blooded
  3. Marine mammals give birth to their offspring
  4. Marine mammals produce milk
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4
Q

Why do marine mammals need to come up to the surface to breath air?

A

They’ll drown

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5
Q

How do marine mammals maintain their body heat?

A

a. consume large quantities of calories
b. develop thick layer of fat (blubber)

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6
Q

What animas do not lay eggs?

A

Whales

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7
Q

Help marine mammals produce milk which they use to feed their children

A

Mammary Glands

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8
Q

Composition of milk of marine mammals

A

Full of fat and nutrients

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9
Q

How many recorded marine mammal species are inhibiting the ocean and native aquatic environments of the world?

A

125

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10
Q

Marie mammal species with sub groups

A
  1. Cetaceans
  2. Fissipeds
  3. Pinnipeds
  4. Ursidae
  5. Sea otters
  6. Sirenians
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11
Q

Cetaceans include?

A

whales, dolphins, and porpoises

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12
Q

Pinnipeds include?

A

seals, fur seals, sea lions, walruses

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13
Q

Ursidae inclue?

A

polar bears

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14
Q

Sirenians include?

A

manatees, dugongs

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15
Q

What marine mammal group/s live in the ocean?

A

Cetaceans and Sirenians

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16
Q

What marine mammal group/s live in the land (land dwellers) but rely on the ocean for food and water supply?

A

bears, pinnipeds, and fissipeds

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17
Q

Fish and aquatic animals are directly influenced by what?

A

chemical, biological, and physical characteristics of their aquatic environment.

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18
Q

In natural environments (coral reefs) water is chemically, biologically, and physically ___?

A

Stable; due to the presence of large volume of water and currents

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19
Q

Subjected to quick and large changes in water conditions?

A

Aquarium

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20
Q

Aquariums, compared to lakes or oceans have _____ that cause a much easier affected habitat due to the potential fluctuations of the ideal water parameters?

A

Relatively small water volumes

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21
Q

Changes in aquatic environment are the result of what?

A
  1. various biochemical processes
  2. metabolic activities of all living things living in the aquarium (fish, invertebrates, algae, bacteria)
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22
Q

What will happen if chemicals are allowed to accumulate to levels above what aquarium inhabitants can tolerate?

A

Death

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23
Q

Toxicity of chemicals are lethal in what concentrations?

A

Low concentrations

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24
Q

How to avoid toxicity in the aquarium?

A

Constant attention must be given to the ideal water conditions

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25
Q

A physical characteristic that greatly influence the organisms living in it

A

Temperature

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26
Q

Why are fish and invertebrates directly affected with water temperature?

A

They are cold-blooded species

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27
Q

How does water temperature affect fish and invertebrates?

A

a. activity
b. feeding habits
c. immune system
d. other metabolic functions

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28
Q

Marine fish and invertebrates are very sensitive to?

A

Rapid temperature fluctuations

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29
Q

How to avoid or minimize rapid temperature fluctuations

A

Maintain the right consistent temperature range

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30
Q

At higher temperatures;

A

↑ of fish metabolism
↑ need of food
↑ metabolic waste = ↑ toxic levels

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31
Q

O2 dissolves more readily in?

A

Cooler water

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32
Q

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water

A

pH

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33
Q

Range of pH

A

0-14

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34
Q

Neutral range of pH

A

pH 7

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35
Q

Acceptable pH for marine water

A

8.0-8.3

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36
Q

pH range of freshwater

A

6.5-8.5 (depending on fish species)

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37
Q

Not all freshwater fish are compatible in the same aquarium due to the ranges of pH

A

TRUE

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38
Q

If the pH in an aquarium if lower?

A

Water is acidic

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39
Q

Chemicals that occur naturally and stabilize fluctuations in pH

A

Buffers

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40
Q

Are widely available and used to keep the water at the desired pH by adding it to the water

A

Buffers

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41
Q

Why should you have a correct pH for the livestock of your aquarium

A

It is important for surival

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42
Q

pH of water affects?

A

vital biological chemical processes

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43
Q

What happens if the pH is not right?

A

vital biological process cannot occur; life cannot be sustained

44
Q

Most toxic product in water

A

Ammonia

45
Q

How is ammonia formed

A

Naturally formed from the biological processes in the aquarium

46
Q

Two forms of ammonia

A

NH3 (un-ionized) and NH4 (ionized)

47
Q

What do you call the sum of the two forms of ammonia

A

Total ammonia

48
Q

Both forms of ammonia exist in water

A

TRUE

49
Q

The proportion of each form of ammonia is dependent on what factors?

A

pH, temperature, and other factors

50
Q

What form of ammonia is extremely toxic?

A

NH3

51
Q

↑ pH (alkaline)

A

↑ concentration of NH3

52
Q

How is ammonia broken down

A

It is broken down naturally into Nitrite and Nitrite by beneficial bacteria

53
Q

Ammonia is converted into Nitrite by what beneficial bacteria?

A

Nitrosomonas

54
Q

Intermediate step of the conversion of Ammonia into Nitrate?

A

Nitrite

55
Q

What happens to Nitrite once beneficial bacteria have bee established?

A

Nitrite detection is often impossible

56
Q

Nitrite is (less toxic / more toxic) than Ammonia

A

less toxic

57
Q

Nitrite is somewhat toxic to?

A

Animals

58
Q

How can nitrite be toxic to animals?

A

It binds with RBC, preventing the uptake of DO

59
Q

A main concern during the set up or cycling of a new aquarium

A

Nitrite buildup

60
Q

The last nitrogen compound in the denitrification side of the nitrogen cycle

A

Nitrate

61
Q

Not as toxic as Nitrite; far less toxic than Ammonia to fish and invertebrates

A

Nitrate

62
Q

Nitrate concentrations in water increases as a result of?

A

Nitrogen cycle

63
Q

An essential fertilizer that algae feed on

A

Nitrate

64
Q

An abundance of Nitrate enables ___?

A

Unattractive algal blooms

65
Q

Convert Nitrate back to Ammonia on the presence of aquariums because of the presence of oxygen in the aquarium environment

A

Anaerobic bacteria

66
Q

What is the best way to control Nitrate?

A

Periodic water changes

67
Q

Nitrate is stressful to all aquatic animals at?

A

Elevated levels

68
Q

Are there some organism that can tolerate elevated Nitrate levels?

A

YES

69
Q

What organisms cannot survive elevated nitrogen levels

A

Invertebrates; corals

70
Q

Higher nitrate concentrations causes stress to ___?

A

New animals added to a display

71
Q

How to reduce nitrate concentration

A

water changes

72
Q

Fish and other invertebrates need ____ as part of their respiration process?

A

oxygen

73
Q

Plants need ___ in the dark or nighttime phase of their photosynthesis

A

Oxygen

74
Q

Incorporate plenty of dissolved oxygen into the aquarium water

A

Water filtration and aeration devices

75
Q

It is unlikely that low oxygen levels might occur in the aquarium water

A

TRUE

76
Q

More important to the saltwater hobbyist than the freshwater hobbyist

A

Calcium concentration

77
Q

Who consumes calcium?

A

Calcifying plants (coralline algae and corals)

78
Q

Ideal calcium level in home marine aquarium

A

400 ppm

79
Q

What cannot grow wiithout an adequate concentration of calcium

A

corals

80
Q

Calcium concentration plays a role in?

A

Stabilizing the pH of the aquarium

81
Q

How can you monitor calcium

A

Test kits

82
Q

The capacity to buffer against fluctuation in pH

A

Alkalinity

83
Q

How is alkalinity provided in the aquarium

A

various negatively charged ions:
1. carbonates
2. bicarbonates
3. borates
4. hydroxides

84
Q

Reasons of confusion in alkalinity

A
  1. Carbonate Hardness has been used as an interchangeable term for alkalinity
  2. Other compounds are involved in the contribution to the water’s alkalinity (borates, hydroxides)
85
Q

Describes the amount of carbonate or bicarbonate dissolved in the water

A

Carbonate Hardness

86
Q

What contributes to the undesirable growth of algae and in high concentrations can negatively affect the health of invertebrates

A

Phosphates

87
Q

Where do Phosphates come from

A

a. the digestion of food by aquarium animals,
b. decay of excess food
c. some activated carbon products

88
Q

Is the major reason for increasing concentration of Phosphates.

A

Overfeeding

89
Q

Effective ways to remove phosphates

A

Water changes and phosphate removing products

90
Q

Phosphate can occur in both _________ forms and not all testing equipment measures both.

A

organic and inorganic

91
Q

Ideal water condition that is applicable to marine aquariums only

A

Salinity

92
Q

The ratio of dissolved salt in the water compared to pure water

A

Specific gravity/density of water

93
Q

Specific gravity of pure water

A

1.00

94
Q

Specific gravity ratio range for marine aquariums

A

1.018 - 1.025

95
Q

Is a device that measures specific gravity

A

Hydrometer

96
Q

Fish reproductive organs

A

testes and ovaries

97
Q

In most species, these are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused

A

Gonads

98
Q

There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness

A

TRUE

99
Q

Is a small, fleshy tube behind the anus in some fishes, from which the sperm or eggs are released

A

Genital papilla

100
Q

How can you determine the sex of a fish?

A

By the shape of its papilla

101
Q

Exclusively marine animals have a bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head and a set of arms or tentacles modified from the primitive molluscan foot

A

Cephalopod

102
Q

Peculiarity of some cephalopoda

A

penis elongation may result in a penis that is as long as the mantle, head, arms combined

103
Q

Cnidarian Lifestyle

A

egg - planula - polyp - medusae

104
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria and Cnetophora

A

a. Radial symmetry with true tissues;
b. cup/bell shaped
c. Have stinging cells called nematocysts to help capture food
d. Sting can be fatal to humans

105
Q

Examples of Cnidaria and Cnetophora

A

hydra; jellyfish; corals; sea anemones

Marine Biology Midterms (1 decks)

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