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Biology Prelim > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a selection pressure

A

Factors that exist in an environment that make it easier for some organisms to survive

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2
Q

What are the two types of selection pressures

A

Abiotic and biotic factors

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3
Q

Give example of abiotic factors

A

Availability of food, climate, water

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4
Q

Give examples of biotic selection pressures

A

Predators, competition of mate, food , disease

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5
Q

State a type of selection pressure

A

Directional selection

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6
Q

Define directional selection

A

Natural selection that favours one extreme of the population for that trait

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7
Q

Abundance refers to

A

The numbers of a population

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8
Q

Distribution refers to

A

The spread of a population

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9
Q

Formula for abundance

A

Number of individuals/ size of area

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10
Q

What is the carrying capacity

A

The maximum equilibrium number of individuals of a species that can be supported indefinitely in a given population

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11
Q

What causes a carrying capacity

A

Resources becoming limited

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12
Q

Define symbiosis

A

Relationship between 2 species living in close proximity in which at least 1 of them benefits

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13
Q

State the three types of symbiosis

A

Mutualism, Parasitism and Communalism

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14
Q

Explain mutualism

A

Both species benefit from the interaction

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15
Q

Example of mutualistic relationship

A

Honey eater and grevilla (flower)

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16
Q

Explain parasitism

A

One species (parasite) benefits from the interaction while the host is harmed but not killed

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17
Q

Example of parasitism

A

Tick and dog

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18
Q

Explain commensalism

A

One species benefits from the interaction while the other neither benefits or is harmed

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19
Q

Example of commensalism

A

Cattle and egret

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20
Q

Define intra specific competition

A

Between same species

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21
Q

Interspecific competition is and an example is

A

Between different species

Cheetah and lion 🦁

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22
Q

Define disease

A

A condition that adversely affects the normal functioning of an organism

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23
Q

What factors influence the distribution and abundance of populations in ecosystems

A

Predation, competition, climate

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24
Q

Calculate estimated abundance formula for plants

A

(Total number of plants/(area of each quadrant * number of quadrants)) X total area

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25
Q

Measuring the estimated population using capture recapture method

A

(1st capture * 2nd capture )/ (no marked in 2nd capture)

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26
Q

Cane toads were brought in 1935 as a control for

A

Greybqck cane bettle in sugar plantations

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27
Q

Name some adaptations made by cane toads

A 
Ability to disperse faster 
Feed at night _nocturnal 
Absorb water through skin 
Lower immune system 
Prone to arthritis
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28
Q

Adaptations to the red belly snake due to cane toads

A

Smaller jaw to be unable to consume the cane toads due to toxin

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29
Q

Adaptations made by the northern quoll

A

Developed a toad aversion mechanism

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30
Q

Define spatial sorting

A

A process that results in the accumulation of genes that are good for dispersal without there having to be an advantage to reproduction or survival

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31
Q

What control was introduced to stop the spread of prickly pear which was introduced to start cochineal dye industry

A

Cactoblastis cactorum …moth

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32
Q

State the 3 main types of adaptations

A

Structural, physiological and behavioural

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33
Q

Give one example of a structural adapts for a plant and animal

A

🌲 calandrinia- is a succulent meaning it has fleshy stems or leaves that swell up to retain moisture.. increases survival during dry periods

🦁Red Belly Snake -change head size to avoid eating cane toads

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34
Q

Give a physiological adaptation of fauna & flora

A

🌲 Deciduous beech loses leaves (abscission) in winter and undergoes dormancy (survive in low temp, availability of water and light)

🐁Spinifex hopping excrete the most concentrated urine to reduce amount of water to survive in harsh desert climate

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35
Q

Give a behavioural adaptation example for flora and fauna

A

🌲 Venus flytrap
-closes the trap to catch an insect

🦘 Red kangaroo
-seek shade in the heat of the day
Bilby -hide in burrows
Wallabies - lick wrist where there are dense blood vessels to cool then down 🩸

36
Q

Give an example of a social behaviour

A

When meerkats search for food underground
One stand watch and makes distinctive calls when there’s a predator
Stand on hind legs and search for predator

37
Q

Natural Selection is

A

A process in which creatures with more favourable traits have a higher likelihood of survival and reproduce to pass on trait to offspring

38
Q

State the 4 principles of Darwin’s Theory

A

Variation < selection pressure introduced to environment< individuals with favourable trait live< reproduce and pass on the traits

39
Q

Name Darwin’s observation and how it relates to his theory of evolution by natural selection :Finches on Galapagos Island

A

Charles collected 14 different species
Eg Warbler finch - Insect eater
Cactus ground finch - cactus eater
Different beak shape

40
Q

Name Darwin’s observation and it relates to his theory of evolution by natural selection Australian Flora

A

Eucalyptus link between harsh environments and the adaptations observed in the vegetation
Trees in Aus and other southern continents are evergreen as opposed to those in northern hemisphere

41
Q

Name Darwin’s observation and it relates to his theory of evolution by natural selection Australian Fauna

A

Platypus = Water rat in
Rabbit = rat kangaroo in Eng
Magpies = jackdaws in Eng
✨let him to the idea of convergent theory

Ant lions same genus but different species in Eng —idea of divergent theory

42
Q

What is the other name for divergent evolution

A

Adaptive radiation

43
Q

Explain biological diversity in terms of the theory of evolution by examining the changes in and diversification of life since it first appeared in the earth

A 
Abiotic 👉 biotic (primordial cells as a result of abiogenesis) 
Prokaryotic 👉 Endosymbiosis 
Eukaryotic 👉Sexual reproduction 
Pro use binary fission 
Eu use meiosis and fertilisation (more variety) 
Multi cellular organisms 👉 Animals 
Vertebrates 👉 Evolution to land 
Dinosaurs 👉 Modern descendants
44
Q

State 3types of biodiversity

A

Genetic, Species and Ecosystem

45
Q

Give 4 ways how a species may diverge to give rise to two different species

A
  1. Parent population is divided by a geographic barrier
  2. There is no gene flow between daughter population
  3. Mutations may arise in in population
  4. Different selection pressures operate on each population
46
Q

What is a species

A

Group of organisms that can produce fertile offsprings

47
Q

Define micro evolution

A

Change that occurs in a small scale within a population due to mutations in genes resulting in new alleles , increase in frequency of a certain trait within a population

48
Q

Define macro evolution

A

Changes that goes beyond the boundaries of individual species, origin of new species from an ancestor

49
Q

The formation of a new species as a result of evolution is

A

Speciation

50
Q

A collection of different genes of every individual present in a population is defined as

A

Gene pool

51
Q

4 factors that may lead to micro evolution

A

Gene flow 🧬
Genetic drift
Mutations
Selection pressure

52
Q

Genetic drift is

A

Random events that cause a change in allele frequency

53
Q

Are the new individuals that have changed due to micro evolution the same species as their ancestors

A

Yes

54
Q

Speciation is a result of micro evolution

A

No it’s macro evolution

55
Q

State details describing the evolution of a horse

A

Started with Hyracoherium (omnivore teeth’s)
-it had 4 toes one each front and 3 back
-evolved to Epihippus
-more grinding teeth has diet changed to plant material
-Climate became drier … grasslands…selective pressure…speciation Miohippus genus
-longer legs (run from predators open area)
-Merychippus (better consume grass by developing hypsodont teeth and Jess developed ridges…grinding efficiency)
Lastly, Equus evolution of one toe, deep jaw,long neck and legs

56
Q

What are hypsodont teeth

A

Teeth which grew continuously out of the gum as they were worn down by chewing grass

57
Q

State the order of evolution of a horse

A

Hyracoherium < Epihippus

58
Q

Evolution of platypus

A

Genetic evidence - suggest that monotremes split off first when mammals divided into 3 groups
Evolved from teinolophos< Cretaceous (Antarctic circle dark)
Platypus and echidna share common ancestor

Can locate their prey using electrical impulse given by muscle - convergent with sharks, fish
Flat surface bill has electro receptors -animals give off electric signals
Large surface area of bill.
Nocturnal

59
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Is the process by which organisms which are not closely related evolve to have similar traits because they have adapted to a similar environment

60
Q

Give an example of convergent evolution

A

Sharks and dolphins (dorsal fins and streamlined bodies)

61
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Is the process by which organisms which have are not closely recent related evolve to have different traits because they have adapted to a similar environments

62
Q

How does Darwin’s and Wallace’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection explain convergent evolution

A

A selection pressure is introduced into the environment and natural selection provides a mechanism which selects tte best suited traits to pressure

63
Q

How does Darwin’s and Wallace’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection explain divergent evolution

A

Selection pressure is introduced to the species and the best traits are selected via natural selection the species evolve because of the different pressures faced

64
Q

How is punctuated equilibrium different from gradualism

A

P suggests short rapid periods of change new species emerge due to new S.P followed by stasis population remains unchanged
G suggests species change slowly and uniformly over long periods of time

65
Q

State the 5 evidences that support Darwin and Wallace’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

A 
Biochemical evidence 
Comparative embryology 
Comparative anatomy
Biogeography 
Palaeontology (study of fossils)
66
Q

Evidence drawn from biochemical evidence

A

Similar molecules or biochemical processes indicates common ancestor
Eg ATP, Nucleic acid
Cytochrome C respiration protein common btwn humans and rhesus monkey difference of 1 amino acid

67
Q

Explain how DNA hybridisation happens

A

DNA is heated < combine single strands of DNA < Cool to allow renaturation < Determine degree of hybridisation

68
Q

Give an example of comparative anatomy

A

Pentadactyl limb eg of homologous structure

69
Q

Give an example of an transitional form

A

Archaeopteryx -intermediary organism as birds evolved from reptiles

70
Q

Fossils can be dated in two ways which are

A

Absolute dating and Relative dating

71
Q

Absolute dating can

A

Give the actual age

72
Q

Relative dating can

A

Indicate whether a fossil is older or younger

73
Q

Give 2 examples of Absolute dating methods

A

Fission tracking and Radiocarbon dating

74
Q

Give two examples of relative dating methods

A

Chemical analysis, stratigraphy, bio stratigraphy

75
Q

Give and explain an example that demonstrates modern evolutionary change

A

Antibiotic-resistant strain bacteria

Follows 4main principles of evolution

76
Q

How has bacterial evolution been sped up by humans

A

Overuse

Treat wrong infections

77
Q

A term used to describe the relative position of a species within an ecosystem

A

Niche

78
Q

Which principle states that more than one species cannot occupy the same ecological niche …competition

A

Competitive exclusion principle

79
Q

What are the consequences of predation

A

Relationship detrimental to prey
Forces adaptation of organisms
Predators become better at catching prey through natural selection
Enhanced traits such as claws , speed … food
Prey become better at avoiding predators
Traits such as camouflage or minimal movement

80
Q

What are the consequences of competition

A

By the competition of principle, it may result in extinction of a competition species or adaptation to new resources
Drive for evolution, leads to divergent evolution and selects new mutations and the environment changes

81
Q

If parasitism relationship causes death of an organism it is called

A

Necrotrophic

82
Q

If parasitism relationship requires continued survival of an organism it is called

A

Biotrophic

83
Q

Disease can be caused by

A

Parasites, a result of nutrient deficiency, due to chemicals and pollutants or result of climate (coral bleaching)

84
Q

Name two methods of measuring a population (plants) & animals

A

Quadrant method

Capture recapture method

85
Q

Formula for capture recapture method

A

(1st catch * 2nd catch)/(# marked in 2nd catch)

86
Q

Explain a recent extinction event

A

Name: San Cristóbal vermilion flycatcher
Found: Galapagos
Cause: introduction of invasive rats on the island which fed on the birds eggs
Invasive plants replaced endemic vegetation leading to decline insects that consumed them thus lack of availability of food led to the birds death
Effects : loss of biodiversity

Biology Prelim (1 decks)

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