Module 24 KT Flashcards
Oxygenation and Perfusion
adventitious
extra, abnormal sounds of breathing - wheezing or crackles
alveoli
small air sacs; the site of gas exchange
angina
a temporary imbalance between the amount of oxygen needed by the heart and the amount delivered to the heart muscles, causing chest pain or discomfort
atelectasis
incomplete lung expansion or the collapse of alveoli
atria
the upper chambers of the heart; receive blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the left and right pulmonary veins
atrioventricular (AV) node
a mass of tissue located at the bottom right atrium
atrioventricular bundle
a group of fibers; also known as the bundle of His
bradypnea
slow breathing
bronchial
loud high pitched sounds heard primarily over the trachea and larynx
bronchovesicular
medium pitched blowing sounds heard over the major bronchi
capnography
a technique used to measure the carbon dioxide levels in expired gas
cardiopulmonary
the demand for oxygen is met by the function of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
cardiovascular
the heart and blood vessels
cilia
microscopic hair-like projections
circulation
the continuous one-way circuit of blood through the blood vessels
crackles
frequently heard on inspiration, are soft, high pitched discontinuous (intermittent) popping sounds; they are produced by air passing through fluid in airways
diffusion
the movement of gas or particles from areas of higher pressure or concentration to areas of lower pressure or concentration
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
dysrhythmia
a disturbance of the rate or rhythm of the heart; also known as arrythmia
electrocardiogram (ECG)
electrodes attached to the skin can detect the hearts electrical currents and transmit them to this instrument that produces a record
expiration
exhalation; the passive phase, is the movement of air out of the lungs
hyperventilation
increased rate an depth of ventilation, above the body’s normal metabolic requirements
hypoventilation
decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs
hypoxemia
insufficient oxygen in the blood
hypoxia
a condition in which an inadequate amount of oxygen is available to cells
inspiration
inhalation; the active phase, involves movement of muscles and the thorax to bring air into the lungs
internal respiration
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the circulating blood and tissue cells
ischemia
decreased oxygen supply to the heart caused by insufficient blood supply
myocardial infarction
one type of acute coronary syndrome characterized by the death of heart tissue due to lack of oxygen
oxygenation
the process of providing life-sustaining oxygen to the body’s cells
perfusion
the process by which oxygenated capillary blood passes through body tissues
pulmonary ventilation
the movement of air into and out of the lungs
pulse oximetry
a noninvasive technique that measures the peripheral arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation of arterial blood
respiration
involves gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries
sinoatrial (SA) node
a mass of tissue in the upper right atrium, just below the opening of the superior vena cava; this node initiates the transmission of electrical impulses causing contraction of the heart at regular intervals (pacemaker)
spirometer
an instrument that measures lung volumes and airflow
sputum
the respiratory secretion expelled by coughing or clearing the throat
surfactant
a detergent-like phospholipid, reduces the surface tension between the moist membranes of the alveoli, preventing their collapse
tachypnea
rapid breathing
tracheostomy
an artificial opening made into the trachea, usually at the level of the second or third cartilaginous ring
tracheostomy tube
a curved tube inserted through the opening
ventricles
the lower chambers of the heart; force blood out of the heart through the left and right pulmonary arteries and the aorta
vesicular
low-pitched, soft sounds heard over peripheral lung fields
wheezes
continuous musical sounds, produces as air passes through airways constricted by swelling, narrowing, secretions, or tumors
