Module 2.2 Flashcards by Iverson David

I - SELF & ME SELF

WILLIAM JAMES

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Knows the self
Thinking Self
Reflects the soul of a person (Pure ego)
Observer
Knower
constructor of knowledge

I - SELF

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Observed
Known
Constructed
Person’s personal experience (Empirical Self)
● Material - body, clothes, house etc.
● Social - how one behave in environment
● Spiritual - person’s spouse, motives, emotions, values, conscience, and morality. Muse introspect

ME SELF

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Real Self vs Ideal Self
● Self is the center of experience
● self develops from interactions with significant people and awareness of one’s own characteristics and level of functioning
● Human beings are always striving for self-fulfillment or self-actualization
● When the needs of the self are denied, severe anxiety may arise
● Central to achieving self-actualization is the development of self-concept
● The closer the ideal self to the real self, the more fulfilled and happier the individual becomes.
● When the ideal self is far from the real self, the person becomes unhappy and dissatisfied

CARL ROGERS

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image of oneself

Self Concept

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flexible and changing perception of personal identity

Self

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what I am, what I can do (all of the ideas)

Real self

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one should be or wanted to be (goals and ambitions)

Ideal self

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● Self understanding in adolescents also includes conceptualizing the self as multiple or unified and true or false
● The construction of multiple selves varies across different interpersonal and intrapersonal roles and relationships
● Coping with different selves constitutes a formidable task among adolescents. These challenges contribute heavily to a young person’s
struggle for a unified self
● The task of integrating one’s multiple selves naturally causes concern
● Given the enormous challenges of self-integration, it is important that adolescents are supported in their effort to create a consistent, coherent, or unified theory of the self

MULTIPLE VS UNIFIED SELF

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True Self vs False Self
● The function of the false self is to hide and protect
the true self
● Researchers have found that adolescents’ perceptions of themselves can change depending on the situation
● For instance, adolescents are more likely to show their false self during dating situations and are likely to show their true self when they are with their family and close friends
● In other words, adolescents display a false self to impress others. Adolescents develop different selves in various relational contexts

DONALD WINNICOTT

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The self as Proactive and Agentic
● Proactive agents of experiences
● Agency embodies the endowments, belief systems, self-regulatory capabilities, and structures and functions though which personal influence is exercised, rather than residing as a distinct identity
● The core features of agency enable people to play a part in their self-development, adaptation, and self-renewal.

ALBERT BANDURA

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Main agentic features of human agency:

Intentionality
Forethought
Self reactiveness
Self reflectiveness

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foundation of human agency. Also play a central role in self-regulation

Efficacy beliefs

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individual’s belief that he or she is
capable to perform a task

Self-efficacy

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The self as the Central Archetype
- Complex network of interacting systems that strive toward harmony
- Ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious

CARL JUNG

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The conscious
Perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories
Establish sense of stability

EGO

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repressed and forgotten experiences

Personal unconscious

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fundamental elements of the human psyche that includes experiences all humans share or in common. Where archetypes
are

Collective unconscious

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Universal thought form or predisposition to respond to the world in certain ways
Represents the hidden potentialities of the psyche, or total personality
reside in the personal unconscious (forgotten experiences) that is common to all human beings known as the collective unconscious.

ARCHETYPES

social roles that individuals present to others

PERSONA

dark side of the psyche; tie repressed thoughts that are socially unacceptable

SHADOW

feminine of the male psyche

ANIMA

masculine of the female psyche

ANIMUS

central archetype; unites the rest; where ego resides

SELF

Construction of Self and Personality ● dynamic forces within the self are many and in inevitable conflict ● ID ● EGO ● SUPEREGO ● id is the devil within the self, the superego is the angel, and the ego is the person in the middle ● The id, ego, and superego are often in conflict with each other

SIGMUND FREUD

- characterized by its need to satisfy basic urges and desires - the pleasure-seeking side, impulsive, child-like, and demands instant gratification

- refers to the I and operates on the reality principle and controls the id - can conform with existing societal considerations

EGO

- "conscience" and "moral judge" of one's conduct - Violation of rules leads to feelings of guilt - strives for perfection rather than pleasure

SUPEREGO

ego's ability to resolve the conflict between the three structures. If this constant state of conflict is unresolved personality problems may arise

EGO STRENGTH

● Each stage is associated with conflicts that the individual must resolve so that he or she can successfully move on to the next stage ● Each stage has needs and that dissatisfaction of needs may result in fixation that can have lasting negative effects on one's personality. 1. ORAL STAGE 2. ANAL STAGE 3. PHALLIC STAGE 4. LATENCY STAGE 5. GENITAL STAGE

Psychosexual stages of development

- birth up to the first year of life - babies derive pleasure from oral activities, such as sucking and biting - Overindulgence of oral needs may lead to oral incorporative personality disorder, such as overeating, smoking, and alcoholism, whereas dissatisfaction may lead to oral aggressive personality disorder, such as sarcasm and tactlessness

ORAL STAGE

- second year of life - child derives pleasure from the elimination of body wastes - Through toilet training, the child learns the basic rules of society - Anal fixations can lead to anal-retentive personality disorder, such as having an obsession with cleanliness, or anal expulsion Personality disorder, such as clumsiness

ANAL STAGE

- around ages 3 and 6 - Children during this stage derive pleasure from examining, touching, fondling, or displaying there genitals - These behaviors are likely motivated by curiosity about the differences between the anatomy of men and women - Sex curiosity will remain high during the elementary years, and children will tend to ask questions regarding anatomical structures, sex, and how babies are made - parents and teachers need to properly educate children about sexuality - Fixations at this stage may lead to abnormal sexual behaviors in later life.

PHALLIC STAGE

- 7 to 12 years of age - sexual energy is repressed because children become occupied with school

LATENCY STAGE

- from adolescence to adulthood - pleasure is again derived from the genital area, and individuals seek to satisfy their sexual drives from sexual relationships - Sexual problems may result as a consequence of inappropriate sexual behaviors

GENITAL STAGE

Theory in Understanding the Self ● adolescence is a period of identity development. ● Identity formation is usually viewed as a process that requires adolescents to distance themselves from the strong expectations and definitions imposed by parents and other family members. ● To achieve an individual identity one must create a vision of the self that is authentic which is anchored on the meaning of his or her goals for the future sense of having a hold of ones destiny in an effort to reach personal meaningful goals (Newman & Newman, 2008). ● One way adolescents try to establish their identity is through status symbols, such as having state-of-the art mobile phones, designer bags and clothes, and other material possessions

ERIK ERICKSON

● Focuses on the development of ego: ○ Ego is a positive force that contributes to identify formation and lays the foundation of certain strength and virtues in life 1. TRUST VS MISTRUST: HOPE 2. AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT: WILL 3. INITIATIVE VS GUILT: PURPOSE 4. INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY: COMPETENCE 5. IDENTITY FORMATION VS IDENTITY CONFUSION: FIDELITY 6. INTIMACY VS ISOLATION: LOVE 7. GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION: CARE 8. INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR: WISDOM

Psychosocial stages of development

- 1st year of life - child will develop trust if he or she is properly cared for. If the child is not well cared for, mistrust is likely to develop

TRUST VS MISTRUST: HOPE

- 1-3 years of life - Autonomy means independence of thought and confidence to think and act for oneself - Children begin to assert their independence during this stage - if parents allow their children to explore, they will become more confident and secure in their own abilities - If children are overly protected, they may become overly dependent on their parents and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities - has important implications in the development of independence and identity during adolescence

AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT: WILL

- 3-5 years of life - developing a sense of responsibility among children leads to the development of an initiative - A child who is made to feel irresponsible might develop feelings of guilt

INITIATIVE VS GUILT: PURPOSE

- Elementary school years - children face the task of developing knowledge and skills usually taught in schools - When children are encouraged in their efforts, they will develop a sense of industry - However, children Who receive little or no encouragement from parents and teachers will doubt their own abilities and are likely to develop inferiority

INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY: COMPETENCE

- Adolescents 12-28 - adolescent. face the task of finding out who they are, what they are and what they want in life - They are confronted with many roles and responsibilities - If parents provide proper support, adolescents will develop a positive identity - If they are not adequately supported, they will feel insecure and identity confusion will likely develop

IDENTITY FORMATION VS IDENTITY CONFUSION: FIDELITY

- Early adulthood 19-29 - It is vital that people develop intimate relationships with others - Those who are successful in this stage will likely form relationships that are stable and successful. - Inability to develop intimate relationships during this stage will lead to mistrust and isolation

INTIMACY VS ISOLATION: LOVE

- Middle adulthood 30-60 - Generativity involves a person's desire to contribute to the world by teaching, leading, and guiding the next generation and doing activities that will benefit the community. - Developing a sense of generativity is important during this stage. Those who fail to attain this generativity will feel worthless.

GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION: CARE

- Old age - Individuals reflect on the important events of their lives - If they are satisfied and proud of their accomplishments, they will feel a sense of integrity - Those who are unsuccessful in this stage will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience regrets and despair

INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR: WISDOM