Module 2.1.2 (Asthma Management) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key features of asthma?

A

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder involving the airways

Inflammation results in asthma symptoms:

  • Wheezing
  • Breathlessness
  • Chest tightening
  • Coughing
  • Airways hyper-responsiveness

Symptoms are often worse at night or early in the morning

Airway obstruction is usually reversible

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma in an acute attack?

A
  • Acute attack – a sudden worsening of symptoms
  • Severe wheezing when breathing in and out
  • Coughing that won’t stop
  • Very rapid breathing
  • Chest tightness or pressure
  • Tightened neck and chest muscles (retractions)
  • Difficulty talking
  • Feelings of anxiety or panic
  • Pale, sweaty face
  • Blue lips of fingernails (cyanosis)
  • Confusion, lethargy, loss of consciousness
  • Worsening symptoms despite medication use
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3
Q

What are some risk factors for developing asthma?

A
  • Genetics
  • Allergic rhinitis
  • Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • Use of paracetamol during pregnancy and infancy
  • Some childhood infections
  • Exposure to cigarette smoke and maternal smoking during pregnancy
  • Delivery by caesarean section
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4
Q

Factors associated with reduced risk of developing asthma?

A
  • Breastfeeding and diet
  • Consumption of unpasteurised cow’s milk
  • Exposure to farm environments and contact with farm animals
  • Diets rich in oily fish
  • Childhood viral and bacterial infections
  • Regular long-term low dose aspirin use by adults
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5
Q

Provide examples of triggers in these different sub-categories for asthma;

A) Allergic

B) Non-allergic

C) Certain drugs

D) Some foods/wine

A

A)

  • Dust mites, moulds, pollens, animals

B)

  • Respiratory tract infection
  • Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
  • Cold air
  • Irritants such as tobacco smoke, air pollutants, and occupational dusts, gases, and chemicals
  • Air temperature changes
  • Stress and anxiety

C)

  • Certain drugs such as aspirin
  • see attached image

D)

  • Some foods/wines (also low incidence)
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6
Q

For asthma diagnosis in children;

A) Is there a reliable test for diagnosis

B) Are spirometry tests problematic in children under 7 years of age?

C) Why is it difficult to diagnose children aged 0 to 5 years?

D) How should a diagnosis NOT be made?

A

A)

No single reliable test for diagnosis

> No standardised diagnostic criteria for asthma

B)

  • Yes

C)

  • Wheezing and cough are common in children under 3 years
  • Spirometry is not feasible to use
  • Many will respond to bronchodilator treatment but will not go on to have asthma later in childhood

D)

  • A diagnosis of asthma should not be made if cough is the only or predominant respiratory symptom and there are no signs of airflow limitation.(e.g. wheeze, breathlessness)
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7
Q

What is the definition of childhood wheeze?

A

A continuous musical, high pitched sound heard emanating from the chest during expiration

  • It is not possible to predict whether children with a wheeze will go on to have asthma
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8
Q

True or false: After pre-school age, most children with recurrent wheeze are likely to have asthma.

What factors make asthma diagnosis more likely in children?

A

True

asthma diagnosis more likely if symptoms are:

  • Recurrent or seasonal
  • Worse at night or early in the morning
  • Triggered by viral infections, exercise, irritants/allergens, cold air
  • Rapidly relieved by short-acting bronchodilator
  • Family history of asthma
  • Family history of allergies (atopic profile)
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9
Q

What is the diagnosis of asthma in adults based on? Is there a reliable test and standard diagnostic criteria?

A
  • History
  • Physical examination
  • Considering alternate diagnoses
  • Documenting variable airflow limitation

> No single reliable test & no standard diagnostic criteria

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10
Q

What are the clinical features that increase the probability of asthma? Provide at least FIVE reasons.

A

More than one of the following symptoms

  • Wheeze, breathlessness, chest tightness, cough—particularly if these:

> Are worse at night and in the early morning

> Occur in response to exercise, allergen exposure or cold air

> Occur after taking aspirin or beta blockers

  • History of atopic disorder, e.g. allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis
  • Family history of asthma and/or atopic disorder
  • Widespread wheeze heard on auscultation of the chest
  • Otherwise unexplained low FEV1 or PEF (historical or serial readings)
  • Otherwise unexplained peripheral blood eosinophilia
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11
Q

What are the clinical features that LOWER the probability of asthma? Provide at least FIVE reasons.

A
  • Prominent dizziness, light-headedness, peripheral tingling
  • Chronic productive cough in the absence of wheeze or breathlessness
  • Repeatedly normal physical examination of chest when symptomatic
  • Voice disturbance
  • Symptoms with colds only
  • Significant smoking history (more than 20 pack years)
  • Cardiac disease
  • Normal spirometry or PEF when symptomatic
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12
Q

What are some alternate diagnoses to asthma?

A
  • Vocal cord dysfunction
  • Bronchitis
  • Foreign bodies
  • Congestive cardiac failure
  • Gastro-oesophageal reflux
  • COPD
  • Chronic sinusitis
  • Pulmonary embolism
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13
Q

For spirometry;

A) What does it measure?

B) What measurements are obtained from spirometry?

C) What is peak expiratory flow (PEF)?

D) What are the 3 main patterns it shows?

A

A)

  • Spirometry measures how much air you can breathe in and out
  • It also measures how fast you can blow air

B)

  • Forced vital capacity (FVC) = total amount of air exhaled during the FEV test
  • Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) = FEV1 is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out in the first 1 second, after full inspiration
  • (FEV1/FVC) is the ratio of FEV1 to FVC expressed as a percentage

C)

  • Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is the maximal expiratory flow rate

D)

  • Normal
  • An obstructive pattern
  • A restrictive pattern
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14
Q

For reversibility testing;

A) What should the FEV1 reading be 10-15 minutes post bronchodilator

B) At least ….% change in FEV1 with repeated measurement over time

C) What should the FEV1 reading be after exercise

D) What should the FEV1 be reading after a trial of 4 or more weeks with an ICS

E) Peak flow of diurnal variability (fluctuations during the day) of >… %

F) What should the decrease in lung function be during a laboratory test for airway hyper-responsiveness

A

A)

  • Increase in FEV1 of at least 200ml and 12% from baseline 10-15 minutes post bronchodilator

B)

  • 20%

C)

  • A decrease in FEV1 of at least 200ml and 12% after exercise

D)

  • Increase in FEV1 of at least 200ml and 12% from baseline after trial of 4 or more weeks with an inhaled corticosteroid

E)

  • > 10%

F)

  • 15-20% decrease in lung function depending upon the test
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15
Q

Who writes asthma action plans? What benefits does it provide?

A

GPs develop and write plans - other health care professionals review and reinforce plans

Benefits

  • Increase in asthma control
  • Decrease in exacerbations
  • A decrease in hospitalisation, ED visits, emergency GP visits
  • Decrease in days off work or school
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16
Q

What are the goals of treatment?

A
  • Achieve and maintain symptom control
  • Maintain activity level
  • Maintain lung function
  • Prevent exacerbations
  • Avoid adverse effects
  • Prevent mortality

The variability of asthma requires ongoing clinical monitoring and treatment should be adjusted accordingly

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17
Q

How to achieve and maintain clinical control in asthma treatment?

A
  • No daytime symptoms (twice or less/week)
  • No limitations on daily activities (including exercise)
  • No nocturnal symptoms or awakening from asthma
  • No need for reliever treatment (twice or less/week)
  • Normal or near-normal lung function (PEF or FEV1)
  • No exacerbations
18
Q

What are some medication-related issues for poor asthma control

A
  • Incorrect device technique
  • Poor adherence to preventer
  • Preventer dose too low
  • Medication interaction
19
Q

For Peak Flow Meters;

Not used in diagnosis or in children < 7 yrs

A) When is monitoring by patients at home useful?

B) How is measurement done?

A

A)

  • ​When symptoms are intermittent
  • Patient unable to gauge asthma control based on symptoms
  • Diagnosis is uncertain
  • To monitor treatment response

B)

  • Measure the PEF and can assess variability in airflow obstruction (variation from best PEF)
20
Q

For exercise-induced asthma;

A) What happens to the airways in a dry environment?

B) How is it classified?

C) Occurs in around 50-65% of people with asthma treated with?

A

A)

  • Transient narrowing of the airways

B)

  • A reduction in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of ≥10% from the value measured before exercise

C)

  • Treated with ICS
21
Q

For exercise-induced asthma;

A) How to prevent exercise-induced asthma?

B) What to tell patients whose asthma is well managed with ICS?

C) What drugs may offer some protection?

D) What drug may develop tolerance

E) What drug can provide long-lasting protection?

A

A)

  • Warm up before exercise
  • Being fit so that the threshold for exercise-induced asthma is increased
  • Exercise in warm humid environment
  • Avoid high level allergen environments
  • Use of SABA (first line treatment) 15 minutes before exercise

B)

  • advise patient to try omitting pre-exercise salbutamol to test whether it is no longer needed

C)

  • Cromoglycate, nedocromil and LABAs offer some protection

D)

  • Tolerance may develop to LABA

E)

  • Montelukast may provide long-lasting prevention
22
Q

Divide good control, partial control, and poor control of asthma in 3 different sections

A

Good Control

All of:

  • Daytime symptoms ≤2 days per week
  • Need for reliever ≤2 days per week*
  • No limitation of activities
  • No symptoms during night or on waking

* not including SABA taken prophylactically before exercise

Partial control

One or two of

  • Daytime symptoms >2 days per week
  • Need for reliever >2 days per week*
  • Any limitation of activities
  • Any symptoms during night or on waking

Poor control

three or more of

  • Daytime symptoms >2 days per week
  • Need for reliever >2 days per week*
  • Any limitation of activities
  • Any symptoms during night or on waking
23
Q

Provide the answer to the following situations for the initial treatment of adults in asthma;

A) Symptoms less than twice per month and no flare-up in previous 12 months

B) Newly diagnosed asthma with mild symptoms occurring twice per month or more often

C) Patient who has woken due to asthma symptoms at least once during the last month

D) Patient with infrequent symptoms (on average < 2x per month) who has required oral corticosteroids due to flare up within last 2 years

E) Patient who has ever received artificial ventilation or been admitted to intensive care due to acute asthma

F) Patient with newly diagnosed asthma whose symptoms are severely uncontrolled or very troublesome

A

A)

  • SABA as needed

B)

  • Regular ICS starting at low dose plus SABA as needed

C)

  • Regular ICS starting at low dose plus SABA as needed
  • If frequent daytime symptoms consider medium to high dose ICS plus SABA as needed OR combination ICS/LABA

D)

  • Regular ICS starting at low dose plus SABA as needed

E)

  • Regular ICS starting at a low dose plus SABA as needed
  • Frequent monitoring required

F)

  • Regular ICS plus SABA as needed
  • For very uncontrolled asthma at presentation (i.e. frequent night waking, low lung function) consider high dose ICS (then titrate down when symptoms improve) or short course of oral corticosteroids in addition to ICS.
24
Q

Provide the answer to the following situations for selecting and adjusting medications in asthma;

A) Newly diagnosed asthma

B) Good recent asthma symptom control

C) Partial recent asthma symptom control

D) Poor recent asthma symptoms control

E) Difficult to treat asthma

F) Patients with risk factors

A

A)

  • Consider low dose ICS plus SABA as needed
  • If symptoms severe at initial presentation consider:

> Short-course oral corticosteroid (plus ICS) OR Short initial period of high dose ICS then step down OR Combination ICS/LABA

B)

  • If maintained for 2 to 3 months, no flare up in previous 12 months and low risk for flare-ups step down where possible

C)

  • Review inhaler technique and adherence – correct if suboptimal
  • If no improvement, consider increasing treatment by one step and reviewing (if still no improvement, return to the previous step, review diagnosis, and consider referral)

D)

  • Review inhaler technique and adherence – correct if suboptimal
  • Confirm that symptoms are due to asthma
  • Consider increasing treatment until good asthma control is achieved then step down again where possible.

E)

  • Consider referral for assessment or add-on options

F)

  • Tailor treatment to reduce individual risk
25
Q

What is S.M.A.R.T therapy? What does it consist of? What are the advantages?

A

Symbicort Maintenance And Reliever Therapy (SMART)

  • Symbicort® (budesonide and eformoterol)

> Can be used as both maintenance and reliever medication due to the rapid onset of action of eformoterol

  • Symbicort® turbuhaler (100/6, 200/6)
  • Symbicort® rapihaler (50/3, 100/3)

Need to be careful of dose equivalence when switching devices

26
Q

What are the factors indicative of a patient being at risk of exacerbations?

A
  • Poor asthma control
  • Any asthma flare in previous 12 months
  • Other concurrent lung disease
  • Poor lung function
  • Peripheral blood eosinophilia
27
Q

What is the community first aid protocol for asthma flare up?

A
  • Rule of 4’s –> Sit the patient comfortably in an upright position
  • Give 4 puffs of salbutamol

> Give each puff one at a time, with 4 breaths after each puff

> Use a spacer if possible n

  • Wait 4 minutes
  • If no improvement give 4 more puffs
  • If still no improvement call 000 immediately

>Continue to give 4 puffs every 4 minutes until the ambulance arrives

For Bricanyl/Symbicort (for Symbicort, only over the age of 12)

  • Give 2 doses initially, wait 4 minutes then give 1 more dose
  • If no improvement call 000 and continue to give 1 dose every 4 minutes
28
Q

How is the treatment of an acute severe attack of asthma achieved? What drugs are used?

A
  • Hospitalisation/ED management
  • Oxygen therapy: Oxygen saturation (SpO2) above 95%.
  • Bronchodilator therapy:

> SABA plus ipratropium bromide

> Nebuliser driven by oxygen

> IV salbutamol

  • Adrenaline: For anaphylaxis or imminent cardiorespiratory arrest
  • Corticosteroids: Oral or IV
  • IV magnesium: If response is poor –> leads to smooth muscle relaxation –> releases cations from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the bronchial wall
  • Further management: Chest X-ray and arterial blood gases performed
29
Q

Provide the answer to the following situations for asthma patterns in children >6years;

A) Infrequent intermittent asthma

B) Frequent intermittent asthma

C) Persistent mild asthma

D) Persistent moderate asthma

E) Persistent severe asthma

A

A)

  • Symptom free for at least 6 weeks at a time (symptoms up to once every 6 weeks on average but no symptoms between flare-ups)

B)

  • Symptoms more than once every 6 weeks but no symptoms between flare ups

C)

  • FEV1 ≥80% predicted and at least one of: daytime symptoms more than once per week but not every day OR nighttime symptoms more than twice per month but not every week

D)

  • Any of: FEV1 <80% predicted OR daytime symptoms daily OR nighttime symptoms more than once per week OR symptoms sometimes restrict activity or sleep

E)

  • Any of: FEV1≤60% predicted OR continual daytime symptoms OR frequent nighttime symptoms OR frequent flare-ups OR symptoms frequently restrict activity or sleep
30
Q

Provide the answer to the following situations for the initial treatment for children >6years;

A) Infrequent intermittent asthma

B) Frequent intermittent asthma

C) Mild persistent asthma

D) Moderate to severe persistent asthma

A

A)

  • Regular preventer treatment NOT recommended

B)

  • Consider a treatment trial with montelukast 5mg once daily, assess response after 2 to 4 weeks (NB a cromone can be trialled as an alternative)

C)

  • Consider a treatment trial with montelukast 5mg once daily, assess response after 2 to 4 weeks
  • If inadequate response after checking adherence consider treatment trial with inhaled corticosteroid (NB a cromone can be trialled as an alternative)

D)

  • Consider a treatment trial with regular inhaled corticosteroid (low dose); assess response after 4 weeks
31
Q

Divide good control, partial control, and poor control of asthma in CHILDREN in 3 different sections

A

see attached image

32
Q

stepped approach to adjusting asthma medication in children

A

see attached image

33
Q

Children first aid for asthma?

A

Sit child upright

  • Stay calm
  • Reassure the child

Give 4 puffs of salbutamol

  • Give each puff one at a time, with 4-6 breaths after each puff
  • Use a spacer if possible

Wait 4 minutes

If no improvement give 4 more puffs​

If still no improvement call 000 immediately​

  • Continue to give 4 puffs every 4 minutes until the ambulance arrives
34
Q

For bronchodilators in children 0-5 years;

A) What is the dose given and how should it be given

B) Should it be given to a 0-6 month child

C) Should it be given to a 6-12 months child

C) Should it be given to a 1-5 years old child

A

A)

  • Usual dose 2-4 puffs as needed via MDI, spacer and face mask

B)

  • 0-6 months – refer to paediatric respiratory physician before prescribing

C)

  • 6-12 months – only if wheeze associated with increased work of breathing. Use with caution and discontinue if wheezing does not resolve promptly

D)

  • 1-5 years – use SABA when required if wheezing associated with increased work of breathing
35
Q

For Preventers in children aged 0-5 years;

A) Should it be given to a 0-12 month child

B) Should it be given to a 1-2 years child

C) Should it be given to a 2-5 years old child

A

A)

  • Regular preventer NOT recommended

B)

  • Regular preventer NOT recommended for “intermittent asthma”; consider trial of low dose ICS if asthma persistent and disrupting the child’s sleep

C)

  • Regular preventer NOT recommended for “infrequent intermittent” asthma; consider trial of low dose ICS if asthma is “frequent intermittent” or “mild persistent” and a trial of montelukast 4mg daily is not successful after 2-4 weeks
  • If asthma is moderate-severe persistent consider a trial with low dose ICS (fluticasone MDI –> can be used from 1 years old) and review after 4 weeks
36
Q

Is ICS more effective in younger or older children?

A

Overall ICS seems to be more effective in older children and those with more severe disease

Early introduction of ICS for children with recurrent wheeze does NOT

  • Prevent airway remodeling
  • Improve long-term lung function
  • Prevent the onset of persistent asthma
37
Q

What are the local and systemic effects of ICS?

A

Local side effects

  • Hoarseness
  • Pharyngeal candidiasis
  • Dissolution of tooth enamel

Side effects (systemic)

  • Short-term suppression of linear growth
  • Clinically significant adrenal insufficiency reported
38
Q

What are the types of inhaler devices used in asthma? THREE main types.

A
  • Standard metered-dose inhalers (e.g.Ventolin®)
  • Breath activated metered dose inhalers

> Autohaler® (e.g. Qvar®)

  • Dry powder inhalers

>Accuhaler® (breath actuated dry-powder inhaler) (e.g. Seretide®) n Aerolizer®

>(e.g. Foradile®)

> Turbuhaler® (e.g. Pulmicort®)

Up to 90% of people use their devices INCORRECTLY!!!! –> Clear instruction and physical demonstration is essential

39
Q

Which inhaler device is spacers used in? What is the importance of spacers? How to clean? When to replace?

A

Always encourage the use of spacers with MDIs

  • improve drug deposition (~10-12% to 30%)
  • Reduce oral complications of ICS

> Use one puff into a spacer at a time - NOT multiple puffs

  • Cleaning for personal use about once per month with warm soapy water. No rinsing or towel drying. Air dry overnight.
  • Replacement every 6 to 12 months, check valve and cracking on review
40
Q

Do nebulisers work better than inhalers? When to use it?

A

Nebulisers DON’T work better than inhalers

  • Even if you are having an asthma attack an MDI and spacer is just as effective and faster

> Only used with severe or life threatening asthma requiring continuous nebulised salbutamol and oxygen

41
Q

Referral points for asthma

A

Poor asthma control

Last medical review > 6 months

No written asthma action plan

Experiencing acute attack

42
Q

Summary for asthma

A
  • There is significant morbidity associated with asthma and death rates have remained stable in recent years.
  • There is no single reliable test to diagnose asthma
  • Asthma is a heterogenous disease with many phenotypes
  • Asthma is characterised by variable and reversible airways obstruction
  • Patients need to know their triggers and know how to respond to worsening asthma control
  • Asthma control is the key measure to determine if asthma is being effectively managed and to determine pharmacotherapy required
  • Guideline based care and appropriate use of medications could reduce the burden of asthma
  • International and national guidelines recommend stepped management of asthma based on asthma control
  • Written asthma action plans can improve health outcomes for people with asthma and provide the necessary information for patients to appropriately adjust pharmacotherapy when required in response to symptoms or lung function
  • Poor inhaler technique is a frequent reason for poor asthma control and inhaler technique training should be provided to patients regularly.