Module 2.1: Respiratory Anatomy & Neural Control Flashcards
Respiratory System Functions
-Gas Exchange for life
-Provides necessary driving force to initiate and sustain voice prodction
Inhalation
Any increase in lung volume will result in negative pressure, and air rushes in
Exhalation
Any decrease in lung volume will result in positive pressure, and air rushes out
Ventilation
A machine delivers O2 and pressure when a patient is unable to maintain sufficient breaths (move air) independently
Does respiration = ventilation?
No
Chest Wall components
-Thorax/Rib cage (Upper Cavity)
-Diaphragm
-Abdomen (Lower Cavity)
Respiratory System Components
-Chest Wall
-Airways
-Lungs
Airway Components
-Upper and Lower airways
-Larynx
Thorax/Rib Cage
-Barrel-Shaped cage of bone and cartilage
-Encases the pulmonary system
-12 pairs of ribs
-Costal cartilage and bone
-Sternum
-Thoracic Segment of vertebrae
-T1-T12
-Pectoral Girdle
-Clavicle
-Scapulae
Abdomen
-Lumbar segment of vertebrae
-L1-L5
-Pelvic Girdle
-Coxal bones
-Segments of vertebral column
-Sacral (5 fused)
-Coccygeal (3-4 fused)
-2 sheets of connective tisue
-Abdominal content
Airways
-Upper airway
-Articulation and resonance
-Filter, moisten, and warm incoming air
-Larynx
-Lower airway
Upper airway components
-Nasal Cavity
-Oral Cavity
-Pharynx
Lower airway components
-Trachea
-Bronchial tree
-Lungs
Lower Airway: Trachea
-Extends inferiorly from larynx
-16-20 incomplete cartilage rings
-Separate by membrane
-Contacts the esophagus posteriorly
-Bifurcates into main bronchi
-Tracheal epithelium (mucosa) ->cilia with sweeping action
Lower Airway: Bronchial Tree
-2 main bronchi
-R bronchus larger than left due to heart
-Bronchioles
-Terminal bronchioles
-Alveolar sacs
-Alveoli
-Exchange of O2 and CO2
Lower Airway: Lungs
-2-3 lobes of spongy, porous, elastic material
-Mostly passive
-Encased by thorax
-Pleural linkage: translates movement of Rib cage and abdomen to lungs
-Parietal and Visceral Pleura are linked by thin liquid layer
Parietal Pleura
Inner surface of thoracic cavity and diapgragm
Visceral Pleura
Surface of lungs
Pleural Linkage
-Any musculature action that increases the size of thorax will increase volume of the lungs
-Muscles that elevate the ribs and increase thoracic cavity size ->inhalation (inspiratory)
-Muscles that lower the ribs and decrease thoracic cavity size -> exhalation (expiratory)
What are the major muscles of Inhalation?
-Diaphragm
-External Intercostals
What are the Accessory Muscles of Inhalation?
-Pectoralis Major
-Pectoralis Minor
-Sternocleidomastoid
-Scalene
What are the Major muscles of Exhalation?
-Rectus Abdominis
-External and Internal Oblique
-Transversus Abdominis
What are the accessory Muscles of Exhalation?
-Internal Intercostal
Diaphragm Innervation
C3, C4, C5
Diaphragm
-Dome-shaped muscles with tendon
-Center-most part consists of Central Tendon
-Divides thorax and abdomen
-Lower on the left to accommodate the heart
Action of Diaphragm Contraction
-Increases vertical dimensions thorax
-Increases thoracic volume and decreases alveolar pressure for inhalation
-May also act to flare lower ribs
-Increases circumference of the thorax
External Intercostals innervation
T1-T11
External Intercostals
-Stronger and more prominent of intercostals
-Fill the inter-rib spaces
-Action: Lift the rib cage upward and outward by “fixing” the upper rib and raising lower rib
Pectoralis Major Innervation
C5-T1
Pectoralis Major
-Large fans-shaped muscle on upper anterior wall of thorax
-Can draw sternum and ribs up
Pectoralis Minor innervation
C8-T1
Pectoralis Minor
-Large thin muscle lying deep to pectoralis major
-Can lift upper ribs
Sternocleidomastoid innervation
CN XI + C2-C3
Sternocleidomastoid
-Large muscle on side of neck
-Can elevate sternum
Scalene innervation
C3-C8
Scalene
-Group of three muscles deep in the neck
-Can elevate upper 2 ribs
Rectus Abdominis innervation
T7-T12
Rectus Abdominis
-Long, ribbon-like muscle in front of the abdominal wall
-Connects coxal bone to sternum and costal cartilages 5-7
External and Internal Oblique innervation
T7-L1
External and Internal Oblique
-Broad, flat muscle on side and front of lower rib cage wall
-Connects coxal bone, Abdominal aponeurosis, and lower ribs
-the Internal Oblique is deep to the External oblique
-Internal oblique run like: \
-External Oblique run like: /
Transversus Abdominis innervation
T6-T12
Transversus Abdominis
-Flat, broad muscle deep to obliques
-On front and side of AB wall, runs horizontally
Abdominal muscles for exhalation
-Flexor of vertebral column
-Postural Support
-Enclose and support abdominal content
-Respiration
-Compresses abdominal contents and increases abdominal pressure
-Displace diaphragm up and pull ribs down, decrease thoracic cavity size
Internal Intercostal innervation
T1-T11
Internal Intercostal
-Not as prominent and strong as external intercostal
-Deep to external intercostal
-Fill inter-rib spaces
-Can pull ribs down
Respiratory Control
-Both voluntary and involuntary components
-Need constant regulation to maintain equilibrium of O2 and CO2 blood gas levels
-Breathing regulated by respiratory center in brainstem
Respiratory Center
-Medulla of brainstem
-Reticular formation
-Arousal, LOC?, sleep patterns, heart rate, respiration
-Receives many visceral input (afferents - CNX)
-Sense blood-gas concentrations
-Sense stretch of tissue (e.g., lungs and muscles)
-Send projections to many autonomic efferent neurons and spinal nerves
-Input/output can be modified by higher cortical pathways
Spinal Nerves
-31 pairs of spinal nerves
-Sensory and motor fibers
Spinal Cord Sections & Nerve groups
-Cervical (8 nerve pairs)
-Thoracic (12 nerve pairs)
-Lumbar (5 nerve pairs)
-Sacral (5 nerve pairs)
-Cauda equina
Inspiration Spinal
-Diagphragm: C3, 4, 5
-Accessory muscles: C2-7
-Sternocleidomastoid, Scaleni, Upper trapezius
-External Intercostals: T1-T11
Expiration Spinal
-Internal Intercostals: T1-T11=forced expiration
-Abdominals: T6-T12-forced expiration
