module 2.1: cell structure Flashcards
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
…………………………………………………………….
lysosome
…………………………………………………………….
ribosome
…………………………………………………………….
- transport / synthesis / metabolism, of, fats / lipids / steroid (hormones) / carbohydrates
- contain (hydrolysing) enzymes OR
break down / digest, (named) organelles / cells / (named) pathogens - protein synthesis
place a tick (✓) next to the three statements that could be used as evidence for the endosymbiotic theory.
1 - mitochondria contain ribosomes that are smaller than those found in the cell cytoplasm
2 - chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments
3 - mitochondria are a similar size to bacteria
4 - the inner membrane of a mitochondrion is folded to form cristae
5 - chloroplasts contain many disc-shaped membranes called thylakoids
6 - chloroplasts have their own circular DNA
1 - mitochondria contain ribosomes that are smaller than those found in the cell cytoplasm
3 - mitochondria are a similar size to bacteria
6 - chloroplasts have their own circular DNA
name two features of plant cells that are not features of animal cells
- cellulose / cell, wall
- chloroplast(s)
- starch grain(s) / amyloplast(s)
- large / permanent, vacuole
- tonoplast
- plasmodesma(ta)
name one structure present in animal cells that is not present in plant cells
- centriole / glycogen granule
the cytoskeleton in cells consists of microtubules and microfilaments. describe the roles of the cytoskeleton.
- (whole) cell, support / stability / scaffolding / maintain shape
- movement of, cilia / flagella / undulipodia OR use of cilia / flagellum / undulipodium to move cell
- changing shape of cell / cytokinesis / pseudopodia / phagocytosis / endocytosis / exocytosis / muscle contraction
- (named) organelles, moved / held in place
- movement of, chromosomes / chromatids / (m)RNA
outline how the organelles in pancreatic cells work together to produce and release these protein molecules from the cells
- nucleus , contains gene (for protein) / site of transcription / produces mRNA
- ribosomes / rough endoplasmic reticulum / RER, site of, protein synthesis / translation
- vesicles for transport (of protein)
- Golgi (apparatus / body), processes / modifies / (re)packages, proteins
- (vesicles) fuse to, cell surface / plasma, membrane
staining is a process often used in microscopy. describe the advantages of staining specimens to be viewed under a microscope
- makes visible / easier to see / see more detail
- (staining) provides / increases, contrast
- identify / recognise, cell types / organelles / parts of cell
- identify / recognise, different (named), compounds / molecules
outline the role of the Golgi apparatus
- receives proteins from the, (R)ER / ribosomes
- modify / process, proteins or make glycoproteins / add named molecule(s) / described
- (re)package / AW, into vesicles
- make lysosomes
- replenishes, plasma / cell surface, membrane
- lipid synthesis
identify two features, visible in Fig. 2.1, which would not be present in a prokaryotic cell
- nucleus or nuclear, envelope / pore / membrane
- mitochondrion / mitochondria
- (rough / smooth) endoplasmic reticulum / ER OR ribosomes attached to membrane
- Golgi (body / apparatus)
- (secretory) vesicle(s)
name one feature that would be present in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell that is not found in a eukaryotic cell.
- (free / circular / naked) DNA / genetic material / nucleoid
- plasmid
- 18nm / 70S / smaller, ribosomes
in a similar procedure using plant epidermis, the student observed that the plant cells did not burst. explain these observations
- cell (cytoplasm) has a lower water potential than (distilled) water
- water moves (into cells) , down water potential gradient / from high to low
- (water) enters the cell by osmosis
- idea of: cell surface / plasma, membrane (of blood cell) weak so, bursts / cannot withstand pressure / haemolyses
- idea of: (plant) cell wall , strong / provides support, so, does not burst / can withstand pressure
- (plant) cell becomes turgid / turgidity increases, which reduces water uptake
suggest how the student could modify the procedure to observe red blood cells without them bursting
- use a, salt / sugar, solution OR add solute to water
- use a solution with the, same / similar / lower, water potential as blood cells
explain the difference between magnification and resolution
- magnification is the number of times larger the image is compared to
the object - resolution is ability to, distinguish / differentiate between, two separate points OR the, level / degree, of detail that can be seen
state the resolution that can be achieved by each of the following types of microscope.
light microscope ……………………
transmission electron microscope ……………………
light microscope 50 - 200 nm / 0.05 - 0.2 micrometres ;
TEM 0.05 - 1.0 nm
a student stated that Fig. 4.1 was taken using a scanning electron microscope.
what evidence supports the student’s statement
- 3 dimensional / 3D, (image)
- can see the surface (detail)
state the function of the nuclear pores
- allow communication between nucleus and cytoplasm or allow, molecules / named substances, to, enter / leave (the nucleus)
state two features of a eukaryotic cell, other than nuclear pores, that would not be visible using medium power of a light microscope
- (named) membranes / phospholipid bilayer
- ribosomes
- Golgi
- endoplasmic reticulum / ER / RER / SER
- cytoskeleton / microtubules / microfilaments / spindle fibres
- centrioles
- vesicles / lysosomes
- mitochondria
Fig. 5.1 is provided for you on the insert. state two features of the cell shown in Fig. 5.1 that indicate it is eukaryotic
- nucleus / nuclear envelope / nuclear membrane / nucleolus
- membrane bound organelles / named organelle
- ribosomes larger
- (large) cell size / 20μm wide
microtubules and microfilaments are part of the cytoskeleton. suggest two roles of the cytoskeleton in the type of cell shown in Fig. 5.1
- provides, strength / stability / support (cell)
- determines shape / changes shape / moves membrane (for endo / exocytosis)
- movement of, organelles / named organelle / RNA / protein / chromosomes / chromatids
- attachment to / hold, organelles / named organelle, in place
- make up, centrioles / spindle fibres
describe how the ultrastructure of a neutrophil is specialised to enable it to perform this function
- (many) lysosomes / vesicles containing enzymes ;
- (many) microfilaments / microtubules OR ref to, extensive / well developed, cytoskeleton
- (many) ribosomes / (a lot of) rough endoplasmic reticulum / (a lot of ) RER
- (many) mitochondria
- (lots of) Golgi
- (many) receptor (sites) on, cell surface / plasma , membrane
suggest the role of the mesosome in prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria
- production of ATP
- aerobic respiration
State the process that is carried out in each of the organelles listed below.
ribosome ……………………….
chloroplast …………………………….
ribosome: protein synthesis / translation
chloroplast: photosynthesis / described
explain why a single-celled organism, such as Euglena, does not need a specialised area to carry out gaseous exchange
- large surface area to volume ratio
- small so demand for, O2 / CO2, is low
- idea of: diffusion (alone) is adequate to meet needs
state, using only the information in Fig. 4.1, two differences between plant cells and animal cells
plant cell / Y, has:
- a wall
- chloroplasts
- vacuole
state, using only the information in Fig. 4.1, one adaptation of this cell and explain how the adaptation allows the cell to carry out its function.
adaptation …………………..
explanation ………………….
A1 a vacuole
—> E1 to take up water / to become turgid
A2 cell wall thicker on one side ;
—> E2 causes, cell to bend / open stoma(ta)
A3 mitochondria
—> E3 generates ATP (for active transport)
state the maximum magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope and a transmission electron microscope. select your answers from the list below.
10x 40x 100x
light microscope ……………… x
transmission electron microscope …………… x
1500
500,000
describe what is meant by the term resolution
- ability to see (two) objects (that are close together) as separate objects
- see detail
name one structure, associated with the cytoskeleton, which can bring about cell
movement
flagellum / cilium / microtubule / microfilament / undulipodium
suggest two processes inside cells that rely on the cytoskeleton for movement
- (movement inside cells of)
chromosomes / chromatids (in cell division) - (cytoplasm in) cytokinesis
- organelles / named organelle
- RNA (in protein synthesis)
- proteins
proteins are produced by the structure labelled F. some of these proteins may be extracellular proteins that are released from the cell. outline the sequence of events following the production of extracellular proteins that leads to their release from the cell
- proteins moved to Golgi (apparatus / body)
- processed / modified
- into vesicles
- (vesicle) moved to, plasma / cell surface, membrane
- (vesicles) fuse with membrane
- exocytosis
outline how the vesicles are moved from one organelle to another
- cytoskeleton / microtubule / microfilament
- provide, pathways / tracks, (for movement)
- (vesicle) moves along, microfilaments / microtubule
- microtubules, extended / broken down
- uses, ATP / (metabolic) energy
- AVP (eg. ref to (protein) motor / dynein / kinesin)
the proteins embedded in the membranes of vesicles have different functions.
* COPI and COPII proteins are known as ‘address proteins’.
* vesicles that transport materials from the Golgi to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) are coated in COPI proteins.
* vesicles that transport materials to the Golgi from the RER are coated in COPII proteins.
suggest how these proteins ensure that a vesicle is transported to the correct target organelle
- receptor found only on, correct / target, (named) organelle
- idea that: address protein provides a way of, labelling / identifying / recognising, the vesicle
- protein / COPI / COPII, has a specific shape
- (shape of) receptor and (address) protein are complementary
cells in the pancreas secrete proteins such as the enzymes pancreatic amylase and protease. describe how these extracellular enzymes are secreted from the cells
- exocytosis
- vesicle fuses / merges
- (with), cell surface / plasma, membrane
- discharging / releasing, enzyme / contents (to exterior)
state one function of the Golgi apparatus
- production of vesicles / packaging proteins
- modification of / processing of / adding
carbohydrate to , proteins - production of lysosomes
suggest why the nuclear envelope contains pores
- allow movement (of substances) in or out of nucleus
- correctly named substance (entering or leaving nucleus)
- ref to correct destination of substance
state the function of the lysosomes
- contain / release , lysins / lytic enzymes / hydrolytic enzymes / digestive enzymes
- digest / break down , organelles / foreign objects / toxins / cells / pathogens
- apoptosis / autolysis / described
state two reasons why the blood smear has been stained
- visible / can be seen / increase contrast
- named example of what is now visible (after staining)
suggest one detail that would be made visible if the micrograph were taken using:
a scanning electron microscope
…………………………
a transmission electron microscope.
………………………….
- 3D shape can be seen / greater depth of field
- can see, surface features / detail
name one cellular structure from the list below that is associated with each of the following functions. you must select a structure once only.
mitochondria, ribosome, Golgi, vesicle, centriole, nucleus, cytoskeleton
(i) release of energy …………………………
(ii) movement of cilia …………………….
(iii) secrete mucus …………………….
- mitochondria
- cytoskeleton
- Golgi
which of the following statements is / are true?
statement 1: microtubules are part of the ‘9 + 2’ formation in bacterial flagella
statement 2: microtubules can be prevented from functioning by a respiratory inhibitor
statement 3: microtubules are involved in moving chromosomes from the equator to the poles of the cell
during mitosis
A - 1, 2 and 3
B - Only 1 and 2
C - Only 2 and 3
D - Only 1
C - Only 2 and 3
which of the following statements describes an organelle which is not membrane bound?
A - contains cristae
B - modifies and packages proteins
C - contains digestive enzymes
D - is made of rRNA and protein
D - is made of rRNA and protein
which of the following structures, A to D, are found in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes?
A - a cell wall made of peptidoglycan
B - circular genomic DNA
C - a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane
D - ribosomes
D - ribosomes
Which of the options, A to D, occurs in the nucleus of a cell?
A - synthesis of enzymes
B - synthesis of RNA
C - modification of polypeptides
D - synthesis of carbohydrates
B - synthesis of RNA
which diagram is the more accurate representation of what the student could see? justify your decision using two separate features of the diagrams
B
- comment about detail of organelles (1)
- comment about shapes of cells (1)
state what is meant by the resolution of a microscope
- the ability to see more detail / separate two objects (1)
place ticks (✓) in the boxes in the table to indicate whether the statements are true or false
- contain chloroplasts
- contain mitochondria
- contain 70S ribosomes in the cytoplasm
- have pili
- have cellulose cell walls
- F
- T
- F
- F
- T
describe two other ways in which the drawing could be improved
- no, shading / cross hatches / AW ✓
- add, a scale / magnification ✓
- add a title ✓
The student stained a sago pondweed sample to improve the contrast between cellular components when viewed under a microscope.
The student used the following procedure to stain the sample:
- Use forceps to place the sample on a glass slide.
- Use a pipette to place two drops of the stain in the centre of the sample.
- Carefully lower a cover slip onto the sample, ensuring that the cover slip is parallel with the
slide as it is lowered
