module 2.1 Flashcards
1
Q
The two kinds of cells in the nervous system are:
- neurons and glia
- dendrites and axons
- ribosomes and lysosomes
- neurons and axons
A
neurons and glia
2
Q
The cell membrane is composed of two layers of:
- protein
- fat
- carbohydrate
- plasma
A
fat
3
Q
Neurons differ most strongly from other body cells in their:
- temperature
- shape
- osmotic pressure
- mitochondria
A
shape
4
Q
Which chemicals flow most freely across a cell membrane?
- proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
- positively charged ions
- water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
- calcium and magnesium
A
water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
5
Q
Chemicals that cannot flow freely across a cell membrane enter a neuron through:
- a Golgi complex
- specialized protein channels
- the endoplasmic reticulum
- gaps in the myelin sheath
A
specialized protein channels
6
Q
The structure that contains the chromosomes is called the:
- endoplasmic reticulum
- nucleus
- mitochondrion
- ribosome
A
nucleus
7
Q
Which of the following is most likely to cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion?
- large proteins
- small, charge ions
- small, uncharged molecules
- large, charged ions
A
small, uncharged molecules
8
Q
Protein channels allow _______ to cross the cell membrane.
- large charged molecules
- small charged molecules
- large uncharged molecules
- small uncharged molecules
A
small charged molecules
9
Q
Where do the metabolic activities occur that provide energy for all of the other activities of the cell?
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Lysosomes
- Golgi complexes
A
Mitochondria
10
Q
Ribosomes are the part of a cell that:
- performs metabolic activities.
- breaks down harmful chemicals.
- transports proteins.
- synthesizes new proteins.
A
synthesizes new proteins.
11
Q
The endoplasmic reticulum is a:
- network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins.
- site where the cell synthesizes new protein molecules.
- structure that separates the inside of the cell from the outside.
- structure that contains the chromosomes.
A
network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins.
12
Q
Dendrites _______.
- contain the nucleus, ribosomes, and other structures found in most cells
- are branching fibers that get narrower near their ends
- is a thin fiber of constant diameter
- are in insulating material that cover an axon
A
are branching fibers that get narrower near their ends
13
Q
Dendrites _______.
- contain the nucleus, ribosomes, and other structures found in most cells
- are branching fibers that get narrower near their ends
- is a thin fiber of constant diameter
- are in insulating material that cover an axon
A
are branching fibers that get narrower near their ends
14
Q
The branching fibers that form the information-receiving pole of the nerve cells are called:
- motor neurons
- dendrites
- sensory neurons
- axons
A
dendrites
15
Q
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a dendrite?
- It tapers as it gets further from the cell body.
- It is in contact with the dendrites of other neurons.
- Its surface may be lined with synaptic receptors.
- It receives information from other neurons or the environment.
A
It is in contact with the dendrites of other neurons.
16
Q
Many dendrites contain short outgrowths called spines that:
- increase the surface area available for synapses.
- increase the speed of transmission.
- eliminate cell waste products.
- increase the symmetry of the cell.
A
increase the surface area available for synapses.
17
Q
Incoming synapses are primarily found on:
- dendrites only
- cell bodies only
- axons only
- dendrites and cell bodies
A
dendrites and cell bodies
18
Q
The information sender of the neuron, which conveys an impulse toward either other neurons or a gland or muscle, is called the:
- axon
- dendrite
- soma
- myelin
A
axon
19
Q
Which of the following is the correct order of transmission of information within a neuron?
- cell body, dendrite, axon
- dendrite, axon, cell body
- axon, cell body, dendrite
- dendrite, cell body, axon
A
dendrite, cell body, axon
20
Q
Compared to dendrites, axons usually:
- form the information-receiving pole of the neuron
- are shorter than the dendrites
- are covered with myelin
- taper in diameter toward their periphery
A
are covered with myelin
21
Q
Myelin covers:
- all axons
- most dendrites
- some axons in vertebrates and none in invertebrates
- all vertebrate axons and some invertebrate axons
A
some axons in vertebrates and none in invertebrates
22
Q
Nodes of Ranvier are:
- gaps in the myelin of axons
- the same as the myelin sheath
- the spiny outgrowths on dendrites
- responsible for cell metabolism
A
gaps in the myelin of axons
23
Q
What is the point from which an axon releases chemicals into the synapse?
- the myelin sheath
- the presynaptic terminal
- a dendritic spine
- the endoplasmic reticulum
A
the presynaptic terminal
24
Q
Chemicals are released by axons:
- into the presynaptic terminal.
- into the junction between neurons.
- through the efferent terminals.
- to the mitochondria.
A
into the junction between neurons.
25
A neuron can have any number of ____, but no more than one ____.
* dendrites; axon
* axons; dendrite
* cell bodies; axon
* cell bodies; dendrite
dendrites; axon
26
As a general rule, where do axons convey information?
* toward dendrites of their own cell
* toward their own cell body
* away from their own cell body
* to surrounding glia
away from their own cell body
27
If you were to accidentally touch a hot stove with your hand, you would quickly pull your hand away. The information carried to the muscles in your arm to make them contract was carried by:
* efferent neurons
* afferent neurons
* intrinsic neurons
* sensory neurons
efferent neurons
28
If all of a neuron's dendrites or axons were contained within the spinal cord, it would be considered a(n) _____ neuron.
* efferent
* afferent
* intrinsic
* Purkinje
intrinsic
29
Glial cells:
* are less numerous than than neurons in the human brain.
* transmit information over long distances within the central nervous system.
* occupy about ten times more space in the brain than do neurons.
* occupy about the same total space as do neurons.
occupy about the same total space as do neurons.
30
Which function is NOT performed by glia?
* removing waste materials
* building myelin sheaths
* transmitting information
* guiding the growth of axons and dendrites
transmitting information
31
Which of the following is NOT true of astrocytes?
* They wrap around the presynaptic terminals of several axons.
* They help synchronize the activity of the axons.
* They remove waste material.
* They make up the myelin sheaths in the periphery of the body.
They make up the myelin sheaths in the periphery of the body.
32
What type of glial cells myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord?
* oligodendrocytes
* Schwann cells
* radial glia
* astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
33
Which type of glia builds myelin sheaths around axons in the periphery of the body?
* astrocytes
* Schwann cells
* oligodendrocytes
* radial glia
Schwann cells
34
Glial cells whose function most closely resembles that of the immune system are called:
* oligodendrocytes
* Schwann cells
* microglia
* radial glia
microglia
35
Radial glia:
* guide the migration of neurons during embryonic development.
* synchronize the activity of axons.
* wrap around the presynaptic terminals of several axons.
* build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain axons.
guide the migration of neurons during embryonic development.
36
Of the following, the most important consideration in developing a drug that will act in the brain is:
* if the drug can be inexpensively manufactured.
* if he drug will cross the blood-brain barrier.
* how long the drug will act.
* the number of people who will use the drug.
if he drug will cross the blood-brain barrier
37
In the brain, an arrangement of endothelial cells:
* has gaps large enough to allow the passage of molecules.
* synthesizes neurotransmitters.
* does not allow most molecules to pass because the cells are so tightly packed.
* has gaps that are filled with enzymes that attack most blood chemicals.
does not allow most molecules to pass because the cells are so tightly packed.
38
What happens to a virus that manages to cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain?
* It is destroyed by natural killer cells.
* It gets trapped in a neuron, then both are destroyed by natural killer cells.
* It gets trapped in a glial cell, then both are destroyed by natural killer cells.
* It stays in the nervous system throughout the person's life.
It stays in the nervous system throughout the person's life.
39
Which of the following molecules would be able to passively cross the blood-brain barrier?
* small, uncharged molecules
* large, charged molecules
* glucose
* amino acids
small, uncharged molecules
40
The major disadvantage of a blood-brain barrier is that:
* many chemicals can easily diffuse into the brain.
* it requires so much glucose to maintain it.
* certain required chemicals must be actively transported.
* viruses can't escape.
certain required chemicals must be actively transported.
41
The major disadvantage of a blood-brain barrier is that:
* many chemicals can easily diffuse into the brain.
* it requires so much glucose to maintain it.
* certain required chemicals must be actively transported.
* viruses can't escape.
certain required chemicals must be actively transported.
42
Glucose enters the brain via which type of transport?
* indirect transport
* direct transport
* passive transport
* active transport
active transport
43
Compared to passive transport, the major disadvantages of active transport is that it:
* cannot transport chemicals out of the brain
* requires expenditure of energy
* transports glucose into the brain
* transports viruses into the brain
requires expenditure of energy
44
Why do neurons rely so heavily on glucose as their source of nutrition?
* Neurons lack the enzymes necessary to metabolize other fuels.
* Glucose is the only fuel that can be used even in the absence of vitamins.
* Glucose is not used extensively by other parts of the body.
* Other fuels do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier.
Other fuels do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier.
45
What are the two requirements for the brain to metabolize glucose?
* thiamine and oxygen
* vitamin C and nitrogen
* niacin and bicarbonate
* riboflavin and iron
thiamine and oxygen
46
What leads to Korsakoff's syndrome?
* thiamine deficiency resulting from alcoholism
* glucose deficiency resulting from alcoholism
* viruses that manage to cross the blood-brain barrier
* glial cells that over-reproduce and increase pressure in the brain
thiamine deficiency resulting from alcoholism
47
Korsakoff's syndrome:
* is marked by severe memory impairments.
* results from too much thiamine.
* results from lack of oxygen to the brain.
* is due to a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.
is marked by severe memory impairments.
