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Cell and Molecular Biology > Module 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Module 2 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Lipid Bilayer

A

The membrane structure of the plasma membrane in a cell, ~ 5 nm thick

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2
Q

Phopholipids

A

The basic component of the plasma membrane, is amphipathic witha hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail

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3
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Membrane model which suggests that proteins and lipids can move freely laterally in the membrane

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4
Q

Membrane fluidity

A

Determines the ability of particles to move about in a membrane laterally

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5
Q

FRAP

A

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching; used to study membrane protein diffusion

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6
Q

SPT

A

Single particle tracking microscopy; tracks the movement of a particel tagged with a gold flake

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7
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Includes transmembrane, monolayer-associated, and lipid-linked proteins; proteins that are embedded into the membrane directly

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8
Q

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

A

Only includes rotein attached proteins; proteins indirectly bound to the membrane

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9
Q

Transmembrane domain

A

Portions of a protein that tend to form alpha helices with hydrophobic side chains, allowing them to span the membrane favorably

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10
Q

Passive Transport

A

Transport through a cell that happens without the addition of energy

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11
Q

Active Transport

A

Transport through a cell that requires teh addition of an energy source

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12
Q

Diffusion

A

A form of passive transport that uses concentration gradients to move molecules

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13
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Passive transport of molecules through a channel in the membrane

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14
Q

Rate of diffusion across a membrane

A

Dependent on molecule size, charge, solubility, membrane viscosity, concentration gradient, receptor/channel protein density, and cell temperature

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15
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water from low to high solute concentration

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16
Q

Isotonic

A

Concentration equilibrium or maintained

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17
Q

Hypotonic

A

Dilute solution

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18
Q

Hypertonic

A

Highly concentrated solution

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19
Q

Coupled Transporter

A

Active transport method that moves a type of molecule out of the cell and at least one different molecule into the cell

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20
Q

ATP-Driven pump

A

Uses ATP as an energy source to transport molecules against their concentration gradient into or out of a cell

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21
Q

Light-driven pump

A

Uses energy from light to drive molecules against their electrochemical gradient

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22
Q

Uniporter

A

Transports one molecule in one direction

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23
Q

Symport

A

A type of coupled transport that co-transports different molecules

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24
Q

Antiport

A

A type of coupled transporter that transport one molecule in and one out

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25
Q

Coupled Transporter

A

Exploit the energy stored in electrochemical gradients of one solute to drive the pumping of another solute against its gradient

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26
Q

ABC Transporters

A

ATP binding cassette transporters; use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to switch conformations

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27
Q

Signal Sequences (SS)

A

20-22 amino acid sequences located mostly at the N-terminus of proteins with a long hydrophoic stretch followed by a charged amino acid; indicates where a protein goes in the cell

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28
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

Synthesizes and secretes hormones, detoxifies organic compounds

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29
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

SER in muscle cells that stores and releases Ca++

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30
Q

Rough Endoplasmic

A

Site of synthesis of specific proteins

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31
Q

Co-Translational Translocation

A

Protein enters the ER as it is being synthesized

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32
Q

Post-Translational Translocation

A

Proteins that enter the ER after they are synthesized

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33
Q

Translocator Protein

A

A protein that binds to the signal sequence of a growing soluble protein and deposits it into the ER

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34
Q

Signal Peptidase

A

Cleaves the signal sequence of a protein following its translocation into the ER

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35
Q

Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)

A

A complex of 6 polypeptides and 1 cytoplasmic RNA that binds to the signal sequence; when bound to the SS temporarily halts translation

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36
Q

SRP Receptor

A

Binds to the SRP and allows the SS to complex with the protein translocator

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37
Q

N-terminus

A

The terminus of the protein that faces the inside of the ER lumen

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38
Q

Transmembrane Proteins

A

Proteins that span across the plasma membrane of a cell or organelle; part of their protein is in the cytoplasm, part in ER lumen during synthesis (N-terminus)

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39
Q

STOP Transfer Sequence

A

Transmembrane domains of proteins that halt their movement through a membrane during synthesis

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40
Q

Hydropathy Plot

A

A plot that shows the number of transmembrane domains in a protein

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41
Q

Disulfide Bonds

A

Proteins that are transported to the ER have them as the environment inside is oxidizing

42
Q

Protein Disulfide Isomerase

A

Facilitate the formation of S-S bonds and can correct errors

43
Q

Chaperone Proteins

A

Help to correctly fold proteins during and after synthesis

44
Q

Self-fold

A

Proteins do this due to interactions between amino acid side chains and their surrounding medium

45
Q

Aggregates

A

Incorrectly folded proteins that are not proteolyzed grouped together; can be broken down by autophagocytosis

46
Q

Autophagocytosis

A

A recycling mechanism in the cell

47
Q

Ubiquitin

A

A sugar that is added to proteins to signal them for degradatino in the proteosome

48
Q

Proteasome

A

A small vesicle link organelle responsible for protein degradation

49
Q

Proteasome Mediated Degradation

A

An energy requiring process that recognizes ubiquitin sugar as a signal for degradation

50
Q

Sugar Addition and Modification

A

Occurs in the ER and Golgi and is helpful in determining topology of membrane proteins in membranes, serves as binding sites, helps secreted and membrane proteins to fold, and protects membrane proteins from attack by proteases

51
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process of transporting proteins and other cargo out of the cell; for proteins it goes from the ER to the Golgi and outward from there to the plasma membrane and is released from the cell

52
Q

Golgi Body

A

Discovered by Camillo Golgi; modifies proteins by the sequential addition and removal of sugars and other post-translational modifications

53
Q

Golgi Stack

A

Comprised of the cis Golgi network (closest to ER), the cis cisterna, the medial cisterna, the trans cisterna, and the trans Golgi network

54
Q

Cis Glogi Network

A

Responsible for sorting proteins and for the phosporylation of oligosaccharides on lysosomal proteins

55
Q

cis cisterna

A

Responsible for the removal mannose sugars (Man)

56
Q

medial cisterna

A

Responsible for the removal an mannose sugars and the addition of N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)

57
Q

trans cisterna

A

Responsible for the addition of Galactose sugars (Gal) and NANA

58
Q

trans Golgi Network

A

Responsible for sorting, the suflation of tyrosines and carbohydrates, and sending proteins to their next location

59
Q

Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC)

A

Responsible for transport of cargo into and out of the nucleus; 50-100 protein complex, with fibrils on the cytosol side, a basket inside, is a ring shape with 8-fold symmetry

60
Q

Nuclear Pore

A

Molecules 60kD and smaller can diffuse through, but larger marcomolecules (larger proteins, RNA, and Ribosomes) must be transported through; proteins can be transported folded or unfolded

61
Q

Nuclear transport

A

Directed by nuclear pores and associated with regulatory proteins

62
Q

Nuclear Import

A

The import protein binds to NLS and passes through the NPC with Ran-GDP, then releases the protein and binds to Ran GTP to passes back through the NPC

63
Q

Nuclear Localization Sequence

A

A short stretch of amino acids the mediates the transport of nuclear proteins into the nucleus

64
Q

Ran GTPase

A

Most abundant small GTPase in the cell and functions as a molecular switch by converting between the active GTP and inactive GDP-bound conformations

65
Q

Nuclear Export

A

Export protein beinds the NES and Ran-GTP to pass through the NPC, releases both then passes back through the NPC

66
Q

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)

A

A protein isolated from the Crystal Jellyfish Aqueora victoria; allows for the creation of fusion proteins to allow the identification of organelles or the tracking of proteins and protein activity in real time

67
Q

Fusion cDNA

A

To make this you fuse the sequence corresponding to the C-terminus of a selected protein with the N-terminus of the GFP making sure to maintain both reading frames and removing the selected proteins stop codon while retaining GFP’s

68
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Proteins that cut specific sequences of nucleotides in dsDNA, can create sticky or blunt ends

69
Q

Sticky Ends

A

Allow for fusion of the ends of DNA sequences by making exposed nucleotides; —|,,, ‘’’|—

70
Q

Blunt Ends

A

Prevents fusion of the ends of DNA sequences; —| |—

71
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

Site of folding for mitochondrial proteins; surrounding by the inner mitochondiral membrane

72
Q

Mitochondria

A

“Power house of the cell lol”; an organelle with an outer plasma membrane and an inner membrane, with cytosol filling the intermembrane space

73
Q

Precusor Proteins

A

Unfolded proteins that are transported through the cytosol to the mitochondria

74
Q

Mitochondrial protein trafficking

A

Unfolded proteins are bound by their signal sequence to protein translocator in outer membrane, once the protein has begun to pass through a second protein translocater located on the inner membrane will bind to the signal sequence and transport the protein into the matrix

75
Q

Peroxisome

A

Responsible for digesting toxins and synthesizing phospholipids; most of its proteins are translocated from cytosol with a tripeptide signal sequence (Ser–Lys-Leu)

76
Q

Zellwager Syndrome

A

Caused by mutations in genes that encode peroxisomal “import” protein; autosomal recessive

77
Q

Endosome

A

Plays a central role in vesicular transport into and out of cells

78
Q

Coated Vesicles

A

Vesicles with a coat of distinctive coat protiens; coat is shed once the vesicles buds from parent organ or cell structure

79
Q

Coat Proteins

A

Give shape to vesicles, recognize cargo proteins, and form specialized membrane patches/pits before budding

80
Q

Clathrin-coated Vesicles A

A

Originate in the Golgi apparatus and go to lysosomes via endosomes, coated with clathrin and adaptin 1

81
Q

Clathrin-coated Vesicles B

A

Originate at the plasma membrane and go to the endosomes, coated with clathrin and adaptin 2

82
Q

COPII-coated Vesicles

A

Originate in the ER and go to the Golgi cisterna, coated in COPII proteins

83
Q

COPI-coated vesicles

A

Originate in the Golgi cisterna and go to the ER, coated with COPI protein

84
Q

Clathrin triskelion

A

Made of 3 clathrin subunits with the N-termini turning inwards; forms a sort of basket

85
Q

Adaptins

A

Proteins that bind clathrin to membranes by contacting the inner shell of the clathrin triskelion

86
Q

Invagination of Plasma membrane

A

Drive by the strucutre of clathrin allowing it to mediate endocytosis

87
Q

Dynamin

A

A GTPase that facilitates the budding off of clathrin coated vesicles via constriction; causes GTP hydrolysis

88
Q

LDL

A

Low-density lipoproteins; responsible for the transport of cholesterol (the bad cholesterol?)

89
Q

Transcytosis

A

Endocytosis followed by exocytosis, permits movement of large molecules across epithelia

90
Q

Rab-tethering protein

A

Binds to the exterior of vesicle and helps to direct recognition of the vesicle by the destination organelle

91
Q

SNARE Proteins

A

A transmembrane protein that interfaces with a different version of itself to catalyze the fusion of the vesicle membrane with the organelle membrane

92
Q

Botox

A

Forces muscle contraction by blocking Ca2++ channels in nerves

93
Q

Endocytosis

A

Plasma membrane invagination that forms vesicles that bud off into the cytoplasm

94
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Non-specific endocytosis of fluids and small molecules

95
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Actin and receptor mediated endocytosis of large particulates and bacteria

96
Q

Autophagy

A

Use of endocytic compartments to recycle cytosolic proteins and organelles

97
Q

Lysosome

A

The result of a vesicle containing hydrolases fusing with an endosome; membrane bound sacs of at least 50 hydrolytic enzymes that digest both extracellular matter and intracellular decayed organelles; work at pH of 4.6 maintained by proton pump

98
Q

Lysosomal Proteins

A

Marked by glycosylation in the ER with mannos-6-phosphate sugar and are transported to the trans Golgi network to be transported to lysosomes

99
Q

Tay Sachs disease

A

Lysosomal storage disease resulting from beta-N-hexosamindase A deficiency, causes GM2 buildup in bloated lysosomes

100
Q

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Protein (CFTR)

A

Impair transport of CFTR protein from ER to plasma membrane, decreasing its prevalence slowing the transport of Cl- across plasma membrane resulting in pulmonary mucous thickening

101
Q

Exosomes

A

Extracellular vesicles produced from multivesicular bodies; they are specialized endosomes that contain membrane-bound intraluminal vesicles

Cell and Molecular Biology (2 decks)

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