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Immunology & Serology > Module 2 Unit 1: Nonspecific and innate defense mechanisms > Flashcards

Module 2 Unit 1: Nonspecific and innate defense mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

Defends the body against microbes during the first few hours or days after infection

A

Innate Immunity

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2
Q

Mediated by mechanisms that are in place even before infection and facilitate rapid responses to invading microbes

A

Innate Immunity

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3
Q

Cardinal feature of the adaptive immune system

A

Memory

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4
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The adaptive immune system does not remember prior encounters with microbes and resets to baseline after each encounter

A

FALSE

Innate Immune System

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5
Q

This type of immunity develops as a response to infection and adapts to the infection

A

Adaptive Immunity

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6
Q

Recognizes and reacts to a large number of microbial and nonmicrobial substances (antigens)

A

Adaptive Immunity

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7
Q

Phagocytes express receptors for bacterial endotoxin known as _______ and other receptors for ________, which are present in bacterial cell walls

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Peptidoglycans

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8
Q

Phagocyte receptors also recognize ________ in bacterial glycoproteins

A

Terminal mannose residues

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9
Q

Microbial molecules that stimulate innate immunity

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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10
Q

Receptors of innate immunity that recognize shared structures

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

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11
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The components of innate immunity have evolved to recognize structures of microbes that are often essential for the survival and infectivity of microbes

A

True

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12
Q

These are molecules recognized by the innate immune system that are released from damaged or necrotic host cells

A

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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13
Q

2 specific receptors in the adaptive immune system capable of recognizing millions of antigens

A

Immunoglobulin (Ig)

T cell receptors (TCRs)

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14
Q

Cells capable of recognizing self-antigens in the adaptive immune system
* They die or are inactivated on encounter with self-antigens

A

Lymphocytes

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15
Q

3 strategies done to deal with threats posed by microbes

A
  1. Avoidance
  2. Resistance
  3. Tolerance
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16
Q

This mechanism prevents exposure to microbes and includes both anatomic barriers and behavior modifications

A

Avoidance mechanism

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17
Q

Aimed at reducing or eliminating pathogens

A

Resistance

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18
Q

Molecular and cellular functions suited to resist diff. categories of pathogens

A

Mediators or effector mechanisms

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19
Q

Responses that enhance a tissue’s capacity to resist damage induced by microbes

A

Tolerance

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20
Q

Defenses provided by specialized cells that have the ability to recognize, sequester, and eliminate various types of organisms or harmful substances

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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21
Q

Cell-free defenses provided by soluble macromolecules that circulate in the blood and extracellular fluid, and are inhospitable to foreign invaders

A

Humoral immunity

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22
Q

Earliest defense mechanism active at the portals of entry, providing physical barriers and antimicrobial molecules and lymphoid cells

A

Epithelia

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23
Q

Microbes that breach epithelia, as well as dead cells in tissues, are detected by

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Mast cells

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24
Q

Initiate the process of inflamm.

A

Cytokines

25
Q

These react against microbes and promote their destruction

A

Plasma proteins

26
Q

These are produced by viruses; inhibit infection of other cells and the killing of infected cells by NK cells

A

Interferons

27
Q

General Features of Innate Immunity

A 
Barrier defense
Complement activation
Pattern recognition
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Target cell lysis
28
Q

These take action once invaders breach the barriers as a result of pattern recognition mediated by the binding of PRMs to PAMPs furnished by pathogens and to DAMPs emanating from damaged host cells

A

Innate leukocytes

29
Q

PRMs expressed by innate leukocytes

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

30
Q

PRRs are located in the _____ of an innate leukocyte, or are soluble molecules free in the leukocyte’s cytoplasm, or are fixed in the membranes of _____

A

plasma membrane, endosomes

31
Q

These activate events responsible for the influx of innate and adaptive leukocytes into the site of injury or infection

A

Proinflammatory cytokines

32
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Like acute inflammation, chronic inflammation is a normal process, so there is nothing to worry about and will reside on its own.

A

False

Prolonged inflammation is immunopathic and undermines homeostasis

33
Q

Phagocytosis translates to

A

“eating of cells”

34
Q

Phagocytosis is carried out by 3 types of PRR-expressing cells namely

A

Neutrophils
Dendritic cells
Macrophages

35
Q

_____ and _____ engulf pathogens, dead host cells, cellular debris, and host macromolecules

A

Macrophages, Dendritic cells

36
Q

Cells that carry out target cell lysis

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
NK cells

37
Q

Cancer cells and infected cells express these components on their surfaces that mark them as target cells for destruction

A

DAMPs and/or PAMPs

38
Q

A phospholipid-based substance made in the lung that acts to trap microbes and can directly lyse bacteria

A

Pulmonary surfactant

39
Q

A prominent enzyme in tears and saliva that breaks down peptidoglycan in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria

A

Lysozyme

40
Q

Lysozymes lack _____, making them a prototype of an innate immune protein since they do not affect host cells

A

Peptidoglycan

41
Q

Lysozyme is made by

A

epithelial cells, phagocytes, and Paneth cells

42
Q

An ancient form of defense because they are found in most species

A

Antimicrobial peptides

43
Q

3 classes of antimicrobial peptides

A
  1. Defensins
  2. Catelicidins
  3. Histatins
44
Q

Key property of defensins

* Underly their specificity for pathogenic membranes

A

Amphipathicity

45
Q

30-40 amino acid peptides that have 3 disulfide bonds

A

Defensins

46
Q

Alpha defensin produced by Paneth cells

A

Cryptidins

47
Q

Neutrophils produce _____ and store them in primary granules

A

alpha-defensins

48
Q

Type of defensin made in the urogenital and respiratory tracts, skin, and tongue

A

beta-defensins

49
Q

Antimicrobial peptide class that lacks disulfide bonds in the alpha-defensins

A

Cathelicidins

50
Q

Antimicrobial peptide class produced by epithelial cells, phagocytes, and keratinocytes

A

Cathelicidins

51
Q

Antimicrobial peptide class produced in the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands in the oral cavity

A

Histatins

52
Q

Histidine-rich and target fungal membranes

A

Histatins

53
Q

A small protein of the S-100 family with potent antimicrobial activity against E. coli

A

Psoriasin

54
Q

S-100 protein that kills S. aureus

* related to psoriasin

A

Calprotectin

55
Q

Bind carbohydrates on bacterial cell walls, preventing them from contacting the intestinal epithelial cells; are also directly bactericidal

A

RegIII proteins

56
Q

2 surfactant proteins that are members of a class of microbe-binding proteins (collections); present in the lungs and secretions of other mucosal epithelia

A

SP-A & SP-D

57
Q

Prevent infection by blocking and modifying surface components and promoting pathogen clearance

A

SP-A & SP-D

58
Q

Binds the complex polysaccharides coating many of the capsulated forms
* Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

SP-A

59
Q

Binds the exposed cell wall lipopolysaccharide of the non-encapsulated form
* Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

SP-D

Immunology & Serology (3 decks)

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