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Mechanisms of Pathogenicity > Module 2: The Immune System > Flashcards

Module 2: The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Why are mucosal cells so difficult to colonize

A

They are regularly replaced and old cells get ejected into the lumen

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2
Q

What are functions of dendritic cells

A

Capture antigens, presents antigen to lymphoid tissue

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3
Q

What is the function of lyzozyme

A

Target peptidoglycan

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4
Q

Antimicrobial peptides DON’T bind to…

A

Neutral charge cells (eukaryotes)

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5
Q

Antimicrobial peptides DO bind to…

A

Negative charge cells (bacterial, gram neg, gram pos)

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6
Q

What cells make up the innate immune system

A

Monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, complement, cytokines, chemokines, dendritic cells, basophils

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7
Q

Where do the cells that make up the immune system come from

A

The bone marrow

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8
Q

Common lymphoid progenitor cells turn into…

A

NK cells and Lymphocytes

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9
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells

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10
Q

3 types of T cells

A

Memory, Cytotoxic and effector

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11
Q

2 types of B cells

A

Memory and plasma

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12
Q

Common myeloid progenitor cells turn into…

A

Dendritic cell, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte/macrophage, basophil, mast cells and megakaryocytes/platelets

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13
Q

What two cell types of the innate immune system are also important to the adaptive immune system

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

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14
Q

When is the classical complement pathway activated

A

Only when you have encounters a pathogen before (needs antibodies)

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15
Q

When is the alternative complement pathway activated

A

When bacterial surface molecules bind C3b

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16
Q

What is a protective mechanism used by our cells to prevent opsonization by C3b

A

H factor (blood protein) binds to sialic acid (coats our cells) which then binds to activated C3b. This complex recruits the I factor and destroys C3b

17
Q

What is the B factor

A

Binds to bacterial surfaces along with activated C3b and helps in the formation of C5 convertase (start of MAC formation)

18
Q

What is a key difference between chemokines and cytokines

A

Chemokines attract cells of the IS to the site of infection and make them more active; cytokines activate cells of IS and mediate their response.

19
Q

What mediates the detection of PAMPs

A

NOD1, NOD2 and other NOD like receptors

20
Q

What is one of the first cytokines present at the site of an infection

A

IL-1

21
Q

What are two mechanisms of killing by the phagolysosome

A

Nonoxidative and oxidative

22
Q

What prevents virulence factors from spreading beyond the infection site

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps

23
Q

Agglutination represents what

A

A positive reaction in antibody binding

24
Q

What is the first antibody to be produced upon activate of the adaptive immune system to a new antigen

A

IgM

25
Q

What is cross linking of IgE

A

When a polyvalent antigen (multiple epitopes recognized by same antibody) binds to two IgE on surface of mast cell/basophil, the receptors will cross link and release histamine and other vasoactive compounds

26
Q

What are 3 types of APCs

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

27
Q

MHC2 is produced only by…

A

Macrophages, DCs and B cells

28
Q

Extracellular antigens will be presented by…

A

MHC2

29
Q

Intracellular antigens will be presented by…

A

MHC1 or MHC2

30
Q

T helper cells…

A

Produce antibodies, IFN-gamma and activate macrophages

31
Q

Cytotoxic T cells…

A

Kill any host cell displaying MHC1 that activated them

32
Q

What activates APCs

A

IL-1

33
Q

What stimulates further productive of APCs after activation

A

IL-2

34
Q

What are two mechanisms CTLs use to deal with intracellular pathogens

A

Perforins and granzymes (also used by NK cells) and granulysin to kill intracellular bacteria by pore forming action

35
Q

What are the purpose of NK cells

A

Act as a backup mechanism to CTLs, if MHC1 expression is low on a cells surface, NK cells will kill it (uses same mechanisms at CTLs just activated in a different way)

36
Q

What induces apoptosis in the innate immune system

A

NK cells

37
Q

What induces apoptosis in the adaptive immune system

A

CTLs

38
Q

What is antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

A

Used to deal with intracellular infections, antibodies bind to antigens on infected cells, effector cells bind to those and trigger the release of molecules that induce apoptosis

39
Q

What is a mechanism cells use to deal with pathogens that stop the formation of the phagolysosome

A

Autophagy, packaging of intracellular stuff for delivery to lysosomes

Mechanisms of Pathogenicity (1 decks)

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