Module 2: Section 1 - Cell Structure Flashcards
Plant cells have the all the same organelles as animals cells, but with a few added extras. What are these extras?
- a cell wall with plasmodesmata (‘channels’ for exchanging substances with adjacent cells)
- a vacuole (compartment that contains cell sap)
- and of course good old chloroplasts
What is the function of a plasma membrane?
Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It also has receptor molecules on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones.
Describe a plasma membrane.
The membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of plant cells and prokaryotic cells. It’s made of mainly lipids and protein.
What is the function of a cell wall?
Supports plant cells
What is the function of the nucleus?
The nucleus controls the cell’s activities (by controlling the transcription of DNA). DNA contains instructions to make proteins. The pores allow substances (e.g) RNA to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nucleolus makes ribosomes.
What is the function of a lysosome?
Contains digestive enzymes. These are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane, and can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell.
What is the function of a ribosome?
The site where proteins are made.
What is the function of RER?
Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.
What is the function of SER?
Synthesises and processes lipids.
What is the function of a vesicle?
Transports substances in and out of the cell (via the plasma membrane) and between organelles. Some are formed by the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum, while others are formed at the cell surface.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes.
What is the function of the mitochondrion?
The site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced. They’re found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot of energy.
What is the function of a chloroplast?
The site where photosynthesis takes place. Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana, and other parts happen in the stroma (a thick fluid found in chloroplasts).
What is the function of a centriole?
Involved with the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
What is the function of cilia?
The microtubules allow the cilia to move. The movement is used by the cell to move substances along the cell surface.
What is the function of flagellum?
The microtubules contract to make the flagellum move. Flagella are used like outboard motors to propel cells forward. (e.g. when a sperm cell swims)
Describe flagellum
Flagella on eukaryotic cells are like cilia but longer. They stick out from the cell surface and are surrounded by the plasma membrane. Inside they’re like cilia too - two microtubules in the centre and nine pairs around the edge.
Describe cilia
Small, hair-like structures found on the surface membrane of some animal cells. In cross-section, they have an outer membrane and a ring of nine pairs of protein microtubules inside, with two microtubules in the middle.