Module 2 - Respiratory System Flashcards
what is the role of the respiratory system?
to conduct warm, clean and moist air into close proximity with blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange
to be effective, the respiratory system needs?
- a surface for gas exchange
- a path for air to flow to reach the gas exchange surface in optimal condition ( warm, moist and dry air)
- ability to draw breath in and out
- plus - produce sound and olfaction
what are the main components
- URT
- LRT
plus- thoracic cavity
- joints
- respiratory muscles
what is the conducting region?
- Nose to brionchioles
- ensure air is warm , moist and clean
what is the respiratory region?
- alveoli
- sites of gas exchange
what is the oral cavity ?
passage for air and food
name the histological structures of the skin in the respiratory system
- epithelia attached via basement membrane to the lamina propia
- lamina propria is connective tissue and may contain glands
- below all of this is, is usually a layer of submucosal layer
what type of epithelia in the conducting region?
respiratory epithelium - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
what type of epithelia where air and food travel
stratified squamous
what type of epithelia at the site of gas exchange?
simple squamous
what type of epithelia in the olfaction?
olfaction mucosa
respiratory epithelium ha s
- goblet cells which product mucus
- ciliated cells
what does mucus do?
traps debris and moistens air
what do ciliated cells do?
patterned movement pushed mucus towards the pharynx which is then swallowed and digested by the stomach acid
what are the components of the URT?
- nose and nasal cavity
- paranasal cavity
- pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)
what is the function of URT
- prepares air for gas exchange hence makes the air moist, clean and warm.
state the features of the nose
- cartilage
- nostrils
- vestibule lined with skin
Cartilage ?
- soft and flexible
- maintain unobstructed airway
vestibule lined with skin?
has sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles
- vibrissae(hairs) filters the inhaled air
what is anterior and posterior to the nasal septum in the midline?
anterior - cartilage
posterior - bone
where do internal posterior nares open into ?
nasal pharynx
what is the floor of cavity in the nasal complex formed by?
hard and soft palates
what are the 3 projections of conchae?
superior, inferior and middle conchae
what are all 3 conchae projections covered in?
Respiratory epithelium
what does the conchae do?
they swirl air, hence more likely the air will the surface and the air will be able to get moist, clean and warm from all the swirling
what does the nasal mucosa do?
So the air is going to flow in to out naries into our vestibule into the nasal nasal cavity, as it comes in it will get little bit warm, it will hit on the conchae and its going to swirl it around and everytime it touches the surface it will get warm, clean and moist and then it will trvael down our pharnynx (Throat)
Also contain veins , the job of the veins is to warm the air , as it gets colder these blood vessel can dilate more, hence we will get more and more heat transfer
what is the function of paranasal sinuses ?
- lighten the skull
- increased surface area to clean, warm and moisten air
- sound resonance
- infected mucus can block drainage = blocked sinuses
what is paranasal sinus lined with?
respiratory mucosa
what is a pharynx ? and name the 3 regions
a muscular funnel shaped tube shares by respiratory and digestive system - ( THROAT)
- there are 3 regions
- nasopharynx ( air passage only )
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
Describe the nasopharynx?
- air passage only
- respiratory mucosa
- posterior to nasal cavity
- ## soft palate and uvula block nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity
where does the auditory drain
into the nasopharynx
describe the oropharynx?
air and food
- stratified squamous to protect against abrasion
- posterior to oral cavity
- from soft palate to hyoid bone
- palatine and lingual tonsils
describe laryngopharynx?
air and food
- stratified squamous
- from hyoid bone to the beginning of oesophagus
- ends where the respiratory and digestive tracts diverge
What are components of the LRT?
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
what are the functions of LRT?
- conducts air to/from site of gas exchange
- completes cleaning, warming and humidifying of air
- provides a barrier between the air and blood, and a large surface area of gas exchange
Components of the larynx?
- passage of air only
- anterior to esophagus
- from hyoid bone to trachea
- cartilage protect and maintain open airway
- epiglottis closes over airway when swallowing
what are the 3 cartilages in the larynx?
thyroid, tracheal, cricoid
what folds are attached to cartilages ?
vocal fold, vestibular folds
what is a glottis?
voicebox
vocal folds?
- true - vocal folds
- passing air causes vibrations = sound waves
- used for normal phonation
- testosterone affects cartilage and muscle, resulting in longer, thicker folds=deeper voice
what is the function of trachea?
maintain patent airway
- c-shaped cartilage rings
- ends connected by band of smooth muscle : trachealis - contracts for coughing
- many elastin fibres in lamina propia/ submucosa layers
clean, warm, humidify air
- respiratory epithelium
where is the trachea?
- anterior to esophagus
- between larynx and primary bronchi
explain the mucociliary escalator trachea ?
muscociliary escalator removes debris to the pharynx to be swallowed and digestion
- mucus from goblet cells and mucous glands coat surface of epithelium
- debris becomes trapped
- cilia move mucus to pharynx
why is the cartilage of the trachea C- shaped ?
to provide protection and keep airway open, but allow room for the esophagus (posterior) and the trachealis muscle to allow for coughing to clear obstruction.
what is the hilum?
where bronchi and blood vessels enter
how many lobes on the right
3
how lobes on the left?
2
where is the appex?
appex of the lungs is the superior region of the lung
where is the base?
base of the lung is inferior sits on diaphragm
explain the epithelium and cartilage in the trachea
- respiratory epithelium
- c-shaped cartilage rings
explain the epithelium and cartilage in the 1 degree bronchi
- respiratory epithelium
- cartilage and smooth muscle rings complete
explain the epithelium and cartilage in the 2 and 3 degree bronchi
- respiratory epithelium starts to decrease in height, goblet cell numbers reduce
- cartilage plates
bronchioles 1nm
- cuboidal epithelium
- no cartilage but thick smooth muscle for bronchoconstriction/dilation
explain a respiratory zone ?
- pulmonary lobules made of many alveoli
- arranged like bunches of grapes
- alveolar walls very thin: simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane
- external surface of alveoli covered in fine network of pulmonary capillaries
how is alveolus ?
- pocket like - open at one side
- covered by dense capillary network
- pneumocytes - type 1 squamous
- type 2 ??
- forms a respiratory membranous /blood- air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane
- pneumocytes
type 2 cuboidal
- scattered amongst type 1
- secrete surfactant a complex phospholipid that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid
components in the alveolus ?
- type 1 pneumocytes
- type 2 pneumocytes
- roaming macrophage - remove debris that makes it to to alveoli
- respiratory membrane
what is an alveoli duct?
a passage way of taking air to where it will undergo gas exchange
what is included blooded air barrier?
- alveolar cell
- fused basement membranes of alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium
- capillary endothelium
how does the structure of the LRT vary along its length?
The structure of the larynx allows production of sound and ensures only air can pass. From the trachea to the bronchioles, the airway becomes narrower with less cartilage support, more smooth muscle, and flattening of the epithelia
what are the boundaries of thoracic cavity
posterior?
thoracic vertebraeq
what are the boundaries of thoracic cavity
ANTERIOR?
Sternum
what are the boundaries of thoracic cavity LATERAL?
ribs
what are the boundaries of thoracic cavity SUPERIOR?
base of neck
what are the boundaries of thoracic cavity inferior ?
diaphragm
what is pleural cavities ?
separate the lungs so if one stops functioning, you have another
what is ventilation os driven?
by the pressure changes in the thoracic cavity
- pressure is inversely proportional to volume
- so if we change the volume of the thorax , we change the pressure
what is the boyle’s law?
P = 1/V
- pressure is inversely proportional to volume
