Module 2: Preview of the Cell Flashcards
founded on the principles of basic sciences of chemistry and physics.
biology
can be considered the chemistry of the living
biology
Molecular Constituents
carbon-containing compounds
water-soluble compounds
selectively permeable membrane
polymerization
self-assembly
study of chemistry in systems that happen to be alive
biology
t/f
Chemical background is necessary for the cell biologist
true
Everything cells are and do has
molecular and chemical basis
the backbone of biologically important molecules
carbon atom
carbon-containing molecule
the universal solvent of living systems
water molecule
water-soluble compounds
membranes are differentially permeable to specific solutes, they also control the movements of molecules and ions into and out of cells and cellular compartments
selectively-permeable membranes
by polymerization of monomers
Synthesis of biological macromolecules
small, water-soluble organic molecules
an important principle of cellular chemistry
monomers
linking together of many similar or identical small molecules known as monomers
polymerization
can be transported across membranes
monomers
made of repeating monomers
polymers
proteins and other biological macromolecules into higher levels of structural organization.
self-assembly
information needed to specify the spatial configuration of the molecule is inherent in the linear array of monomers present in the polymer
self-assembly
domain of organic chemistry
carbon
most important atoms in biological molecules
carbon atom
valence of four, lacking four electrons at its outermost electron orbital
carbon
methods of satisfaction of stable status
electron-deficient atoms
formation of covalent bonds with “light” elements to form stable compounds
carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen
t/f
CARBON-CONTAINING MOLECULES ARE STABLE
true
calorie and bond energy
amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree centigrade
calorie
amount of energy required to break 1 mole (about 6 x 10^23) of bonds
bond energy
bond energy of C-C
83 kilocalories/mole
bond energy of C-N
70 kilocalories/mole
bond energy of C-O
84 kilocalories/mole
bond energy of C-H
99 kilocalories/mole
bond energy of C=C
146 kilocalories/mole
bond energy of C-=C
212 kilocalories/mole
t/f
CARBON-CARBON BONDS ARE THE FITTEST FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY UNDER SOLAR RADIATION
true
the relationship between electromagnetic radiation and the wavelength
the constant with the units of kcal-nm/Einstein
28,600
an Einstein is equal to __ mole of photons
1
the ultraviolet light at a wavelength of ___ nm confers energy of ___ kcal/Einstein
300
∼95.3
sufficient to breakdown C-C bonds of ∼83 kcal/mol
pollution and ozone layer protection
THE DIVERSITY OF CARBON-CONTAINING MOLECULES
hydrocarbon
functional groups
major component of fuels (gasoline)
hydrocarbons
Ionized or protonated
carbon-containing functional groups
Uncharged at pH 7, but “polarized
carbon-containing functional groups
STEREOISOMERS OF CARBON-CONTAINING MOLECULES
tetrahedral
asymmetric carbon
d-glucose
When four different atoms or groups of atoms are bonded to the four corners.
tetrahedral
Two different spatial configurations are possible, but not superimposable
tetrahedral
Has four different substituents
asymmetric carbon
L- and D-alanine present in nature but only L- type is present in proteins
asymmetric carbon
Has four asymmetric carbon atom and has 24 or 16 kinds of possible stereoisomers
d-glucose
Most abundant component of cells and organisms
water
75-85% of a cell (10-20in spores and dry seeds)
water
caused by the angles that hydrogen atom bond to the oxygen atom (104.5 degrees), making the oxygen electronegative
polarity
accounts for the cohesiveness, the temperature-stabilizing capacity and the solvent properties of water
polarity
t/f
Hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms
true
Oxygen atoms of water molecules are responsible for its
high boiling point
high specific heat
high heat of vaporization
Has a high temperature-stabilizing capacity
water
Amount of heat a substance absorb per gram to increase its temperature 1 degrees C.
specific heat
water = __ calorie per gram
1
the amount of energy required to convert 1 gram of a liquid into vapor.
high heat of vaporization
excellent solvent
water
water-fearing
hydrophobic
water-loving
hydrophilic
physical barriers of cells and subcellular compartments controlling material exchange between the internal and extracellular environment.
selectively permeable membrane
essentially a hydrophobic permeability barrier consisting of phospholipids, glycolipids, and membrane proteins
membrane
contain amphipathic molecules such as phosphatidyl ethanolamine (example of phosphoglycerides)
membrane
Lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it
membrane
Each layer is about 3-4 nm thick with hydrophobic tails facing each other in the middle
membrane
Functions of the associated proteins
transport proteins
enzymes
receptors
electron transport intermediates
chlorophyll-binding proteins (chloroplast)
Freely diffusing molecules
H2O, CO2 or miliwatt < 100 Dalton
t/f
Na+ and K+ are effectively excluded (108 time less efficient)
true
Proteins
Ribonucleic acids (DNA or RNA)
Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, and cellulose)
Lipid (with different synthesizing method)
macromolecules
Responsible for most of the form and function in living systems.
macromolecules
Monomers
glucoe
amino acid
nucleotides
Informational macromolecules
DNA
proteins
