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Cell and Molecular Biology Lecture > Module 2: Preview of the Cell > Flashcards

Module 2: Preview of the Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

founded on the principles of basic sciences of chemistry and physics.

A

biology

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2
Q

can be considered the chemistry of the living

A

biology

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3
Q

Molecular Constituents

A

carbon-containing compounds
water-soluble compounds
selectively permeable membrane
polymerization
self-assembly

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4
Q

study of chemistry in systems that happen to be alive

A

biology

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5
Q

t/f
Chemical background is necessary for the cell biologist

A

true

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6
Q

Everything cells are and do has

A

molecular and chemical basis

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7
Q

the backbone of biologically important molecules

A

carbon atom
carbon-containing molecule

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8
Q

the universal solvent of living systems

A

water molecule
water-soluble compounds

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9
Q

membranes are differentially permeable to specific solutes, they also control the movements of molecules and ions into and out of cells and cellular compartments

A

selectively-permeable membranes

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10
Q

by polymerization of monomers

A

Synthesis of biological macromolecules

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11
Q

small, water-soluble organic molecules
an important principle of cellular chemistry

A

monomers

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12
Q

linking together of many similar or identical small molecules known as monomers

A

polymerization

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13
Q

can be transported across membranes

A

monomers

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14
Q

made of repeating monomers

A

polymers

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15
Q

proteins and other biological macromolecules into higher levels of structural organization.

A

self-assembly

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16
Q

information needed to specify the spatial configuration of the molecule is inherent in the linear array of monomers present in the polymer

A

self-assembly

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17
Q

domain of organic chemistry

A

carbon

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18
Q

most important atoms in biological molecules

A

carbon atom

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19
Q

valence of four, lacking four electrons at its outermost electron orbital

A

carbon

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20
Q

methods of satisfaction of stable status

A

electron-deficient atoms

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21
Q

formation of covalent bonds with “light” elements to form stable compounds

A

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen

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22
Q

t/f
CARBON-CONTAINING MOLECULES ARE STABLE

A

true
calorie and bond energy

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23
Q

amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree centigrade

A

calorie

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24
Q

amount of energy required to break 1 mole (about 6 x 10^23) of bonds

A

bond energy

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25
Q

bond energy of C-C

A

83 kilocalories/mole

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26
Q

bond energy of C-N

A

70 kilocalories/mole

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27
Q

bond energy of C-O

A

84 kilocalories/mole

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28
Q

bond energy of C-H

A

99 kilocalories/mole

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29
Q

bond energy of C=C

A

146 kilocalories/mole

30
Q

bond energy of C-=C

A

212 kilocalories/mole

31
Q

t/f
CARBON-CARBON BONDS ARE THE FITTEST FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY UNDER SOLAR RADIATION

A

true
the relationship between electromagnetic radiation and the wavelength

32
Q

the constant with the units of kcal-nm/Einstein

A

28,600

33
Q

an Einstein is equal to __ mole of photons

A

1

34
Q

the ultraviolet light at a wavelength of ___ nm confers energy of ___ kcal/Einstein

A

300
∼95.3

35
Q

sufficient to breakdown C-C bonds of ∼83 kcal/mol

A

pollution and ozone layer protection

36
Q

THE DIVERSITY OF CARBON-CONTAINING MOLECULES

A

hydrocarbon
functional groups

37
Q

major component of fuels (gasoline)

A

hydrocarbons

38
Q

Ionized or protonated

A

carbon-containing functional groups

39
Q

Uncharged at pH 7, but “polarized

A

carbon-containing functional groups

40
Q

STEREOISOMERS OF CARBON-CONTAINING MOLECULES

A

tetrahedral
asymmetric carbon
d-glucose

41
Q

When four different atoms or groups of atoms are bonded to the four corners.

A

tetrahedral

42
Q

Two different spatial configurations are possible, but not superimposable

A

tetrahedral

43
Q

Has four different substituents

A

asymmetric carbon

44
Q

L- and D-alanine present in nature but only L- type is present in proteins

A

asymmetric carbon

45
Q

Has four asymmetric carbon atom and has 24 or 16 kinds of possible stereoisomers

A

d-glucose

46
Q

Most abundant component of cells and organisms

A

water

47
Q

75-85% of a cell (10-20in spores and dry seeds)

A

water

48
Q

caused by the angles that hydrogen atom bond to the oxygen atom (104.5 degrees), making the oxygen electronegative

A

polarity

49
Q

accounts for the cohesiveness, the temperature-stabilizing capacity and the solvent properties of water

A

polarity

50
Q

t/f
Hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms

A

true

51
Q

Oxygen atoms of water molecules are responsible for its

A

high boiling point
high specific heat
high heat of vaporization

52
Q

Has a high temperature-stabilizing capacity

A

water

53
Q

Amount of heat a substance absorb per gram to increase its temperature 1 degrees C.

A

specific heat

54
Q

water = __ calorie per gram

A

1

55
Q

the amount of energy required to convert 1 gram of a liquid into vapor.

A

high heat of vaporization

56
Q

excellent solvent

A

water

57
Q

water-fearing

A

hydrophobic

58
Q

water-loving

A

hydrophilic

59
Q

physical barriers of cells and subcellular compartments controlling material exchange between the internal and extracellular environment.

A

selectively permeable membrane

60
Q

essentially a hydrophobic permeability barrier consisting of phospholipids, glycolipids, and membrane proteins

A

membrane

61
Q

contain amphipathic molecules such as phosphatidyl ethanolamine (example of phosphoglycerides)

A

membrane

62
Q

Lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it

A

membrane

63
Q

Each layer is about 3-4 nm thick with hydrophobic tails facing each other in the middle

A

membrane

64
Q

Functions of the associated proteins

A

transport proteins
enzymes
receptors
electron transport intermediates
chlorophyll-binding proteins (chloroplast)

65
Q

Freely diffusing molecules

A

H2O, CO2 or miliwatt < 100 Dalton

66
Q

t/f
Na+ and K+ are effectively excluded (108 time less efficient)

A

true

67
Q

Proteins
Ribonucleic acids (DNA or RNA)
Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, and cellulose)
Lipid (with different synthesizing method)

A

macromolecules

68
Q

Responsible for most of the form and function in living systems.

A

macromolecules

69
Q

Monomers

A

glucoe
amino acid
nucleotides

70
Q

Informational macromolecules

A

DNA
proteins

71
Q
A

Cell and Molecular Biology Lecture (3 decks)

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